Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Local Mining in the Atacama Desert, Chile

博士论文改进补助金：智利阿塔卡马沙漠的当地采矿

• 批准号: 1359661
• 负责人: Marc Bermann
• 金额: $ 0.46万
• 依托单位: University of Pittsburgh
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 项目类别: Standard Grant
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-01-15 至 2014-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1359661&HistoricalAwards=false
• 关键词: Doctoral; Dissertation; Improvement; Grant; Local

Prehistoric empires in common with multiple countries in the world today face the problem of how to integrate "outlying" communities often of varying ethnicity into a functioning effective social system. From the reverse perspective "outlying" communities can function most successfully if they can determine how best to take advantage of their incorporation into a broader social system. Archaeological research has the potential to examine such interactions over extended periods of time and such is the goal of this research project. Under the guidance of Dr. Marc Bermann, Francisco Garrido will explore two factors underlying the success of the ancient Inca empire: its imperial infrastructure (the famous road system), and its impact at household and local levels in subject territories. Taking a "bottom up" perspective on the effects of Inca conquest on mining in the Atacama desert of Chile, the research will investigate localized responses to articulation with the imperial system. This research will address this topic through investigation of the relationship between the Inca Road, and a recently discovered, non-Inca, mining camp, isolated in the Atacama Desert. Preliminary research suggests that this camp could not have existed without use of the nearby Inca road, leading to two, inter-related, research objectives: (1) evaluating the extent to which the Inca Road functioned as an unrecognized growth factor, stimulating local craft industry; and (2) assessing whether the Inca Road served as a linear entrepot or exchange nexus, rather than simply as a highway servicing Inca imperial needs. A one-year project of survey, surface collection, and excavation will document: the nature of mining at Chinchilla and the use of a nearby section of the Inca Road. In the past, just as today, a major road can serve as an powerful economic stimulus or magnet, making possible economic enterprises along it that were not feasible previously. By connecting local Atacama populations to a much wider socioeconomic world, the research will be addressing issues of "globalization," albeit, using this prehistoric case study. One area of investigation is to document how people chose to use a new and foreign infrastructure (even one that represented imperial hegemony) to their own ends. Part-time, supplemental, or seasonal mining as a small scale kin-based activity with low capital investment is still common in many parts of the world today, including South America, and its organization and goals can be very similar to prehispanic examples. A better understanding of the history and dynamics of small scale mining in the Atacama remains relevant today, where there is still a juxtaposition of large, profit-driven, multinational mining operations and community based, risk minimizing, community-level mining. The theoretical issues addressed in this research thus parallel contemporary issues discussed in Chile today about mining and household and community autonomy, resource access and utilization, and economic coping strategies. The broader impacts of this research include documenting understudied components of the archaeological heritage in the Atacama Desert - increasingly a tourist destination. Chilean students from several universities will participate in the fieldwork, and receive training in current survey and excavation techniques. Collections will be stored at the Regional Museum of Atacama, and available, with complete documentation, to other students and scholars. An important component of the research will be working with existing museum collections and with unpublished reports, bringing data from these hidden sources to public light. The project will result in Mr. Garrido's dissertation, and the findings will be disseminated through the Center for Comparative Archaeology electronic data base, conference presentations and peer-reviewed publications.

史前帝国与当今世界上的许多国家一样，面临着如何将“边远”社区（往往是不同种族的社区）纳入一个有效运作的社会制度的问题。从相反的角度来看，如果“边远”社区能够确定如何最好地利用其融入更广泛的社会体系的优势，那么它们就能最成功地发挥作用。考古研究有可能在很长一段时间内研究这种相互作用，这就是本研究项目的目标。在马克·伯曼博士的指导下，弗朗西斯科·加里多将探讨古代印加帝国成功的两个因素：帝国的基础设施（著名的道路系统），以及它在家庭和地方层面对主体领土的影响。 以“自下而上”的角度来看，印加征服对智利阿塔卡马沙漠采矿的影响，研究将调查当地的反应与帝国制度的衔接。本研究将通过调查印加之路和最近发现的一个孤立在阿塔卡马沙漠中的非印加采矿营地之间的关系来解决这个问题。初步研究表明，如果没有使用附近的印加道路，这个营地就不可能存在，这导致了两个相互关联的研究目标：（1）评估印加道路作为一个未被承认的增长因素，刺激当地手工业的程度;（2）评估印加之路是否是一个线性的转口港或交换中心，而不仅仅是一条服务于印加帝国需求的公路。一个为期一年的调查、地表收集和挖掘项目将记录：钦奇利亚采矿的性质和附近一段印加公路的使用情况。在过去，就像今天一样，一条主要道路可以作为一个强大的经济刺激或磁铁，使沿着它是不可行的经济企业成为可能。 通过将当地的阿塔卡马人口与更广泛的社会经济世界联系起来，这项研究将解决“全球化”问题，尽管是使用这个史前案例研究。 调查的一个领域是记录人们如何选择使用新的外国基础设施（甚至是代表帝国霸权的基础设施）来达到自己的目的。 兼职，补充或季节性采矿作为一种小规模的以亲属为基础的活动，资本投资低，在当今世界的许多地方仍然很常见，包括南美洲，其组织和目标与西班牙语前的例子非常相似。 更好地了解阿塔卡马小规模采矿的历史和动态在今天仍然具有现实意义，那里仍然存在大型，利润驱动，跨国采矿业务和社区为基础，风险最小化，社区一级的采矿并列。 因此，在这项研究中解决的理论问题平行的当代问题，在智利今天讨论的采矿和家庭和社区自治，资源的获取和利用，以及经济应对策略。 这项研究的更广泛的影响包括记录阿塔卡马沙漠考古遗产的未充分研究的组成部分-越来越多的旅游目的地。 来自几所大学的智利学生将参加实地考察，并接受当前调查和挖掘技术的培训。 收藏品将存放在阿塔卡马地区博物馆，并提供完整的文件，其他学生和学者。 这项研究的一个重要组成部分将是与现有的博物馆收藏和未发表的报告合作，将这些隐藏来源的数据公之于众。 该项目将导致先生加里多的论文，并通过比较考古学中心电子数据库，会议介绍和同行评议的出版物传播的结果。