Doctoral Dissertation Improvement Grant: Leadership and Political Change at the End of the Formative Period in the Nepena Valley, Peru

在马克·贝曼博士的监督下，池原雨果将调查理解人聚落模式和精英活动在形成后期和最后阶段(公元前1200-200年)的变化。在秘鲁的内培尼亚山谷。这一时期被确定为秘鲁北海岸的一个显著的社会变革时期，包括主要的丘比斯尼克-查文宗教传统的瓦解，该传统被认为是地方和区域政治领导的思想基础之一。然而，在公元前750年之前，沿海地区和公元前500年左右的高地地区都放弃了与这种邪教有关的习俗。接下来的时期的特点是冲突加剧和社会重组。这项研究将探索这样一个命题：在这个相对政治和意识形态的“真空”中，随着雄心勃勃的领导人寻找建立权威或权力的最有效的新手段，植根于意识形态、经济进程或军事力量的各种不同的替代权力战略将很快出现。作为更好地理解考古“崩溃”的一种方式，这项研究的目的是确定在这样的背景下可能塑造不同政治轨迹的因素。虽然这项研究的重点是考古，但在史前秘鲁观察到的社会组织水平与当今发展中国家的许多地方有很大的相似之处。该项目提供了关于政治和社会组织如何在长期内因应中央权威的崩溃而发生变化的洞察。池原的研究将包括对上内贝尼亚山谷进行为期四个月的100%考古调查，绘制主要中心的地图，以及一项密集的地表收集计划。所产生的数据将用于解决以下问题：(1)区域政治组织；(2)公共仪式的性质及其在地方和区域社会融合中的作用；(3)精英追求的权力战略的形式和变异性；以及(4)人口趋势和人地关系的变化。最近在调查方法和当地陶瓷年代学方面的改进将允许对精英活动从晚期到最后形成期的连续性和变化进行多尺度研究。因此，拟议的研究旨在更好地了解安第斯山脉过去的社会政治流动，并探索如何在不挖掘的情况下研究这种流动。这项研究的更广泛影响包括：实施长期研究，作为整合山谷不同地点当前研究以及几十年前考古研究结果的框架；对在中国、哥伦比亚和世界其他地区被证明有效的调查方法进行安第斯测试。项目结果将在美国和秘鲁的同行审查出版物中传播，数据将通过匹兹堡大学比较考古学网站的数据库在线提供给全球公众。来自不同大学的秘鲁学生将参加实地考察，并将接受最新调查技术的培训。该项目的特别报告将分发给秘鲁的文化遗产当局，以帮助规划遗址保护和旅游业。

Under the supervision of Dr. Marc Bermann, Hugo Ikehara will investigate changes in prehispanic settlement patterns and elite activities during the Late and the Final Formative Periods (1200- 200 B.C.) in the Nepeña Valley, Peru. This time period has been identified as one of marked societal transformation on the prehispanic Peruvian North Coast, including the disintegration of the overarching Cupisnique-Chavín religious tradition, considered one of the ideological foundations for local and regional political leadership. However, practices related to this cult were abandoned before 750 B.C. in the Coast and around 500 B.C. in the Highlands. The following period has been characterized as a time of intensified conflict and social reorganization. The research will explore the proposition that in this relative political and ideological "vacuum," varied and alternative power strategies, rooted in ideology, economic processes, or military force will quickly arise, as ambitious leaders search for the most effective new means of establishing authority or power. As a way of better understanding archaeological "collapse," this research aims at identifying the factors that might shape different political trajectories in such settings. Although the focus of this research is archaeological, the level of social organization observed in prehistoric Peru bears significant resemblance to many parts of the present day countries in the developing world. The project provides insight into how, over the long term, political and social organization changes in response to collapse of central authority.Research in the Nepeña Valley has shown that part of this process was the abandonment and construction of large public architecture centers. Mr. Ikehara's research will involve a four-month, 100% archaeological survey of the Upper Nepeña Valley, mapping of major centers, and a program of intensive surface collection. The data generated will be used to address issues of: (1) regional political organization; (2) the nature of public ceremony, and its role in local and regional social integration; (3) the forms and variability in power strategies pursued by elites, and (4) demographic trends and changes in man-land relationships. Recent improvements in survey methods and in local ceramic chronology will permit multiscalar study of continuity and change in elite activities from the Late through the Final Formative Period. The proposed research therefore aims at producing a better understanding of sociopolitical flux in the Andean past, and exploring how such flux can be studied without excavation. The broader impacts of this research include: the implementation of long-term research that will serve as a framework for integrating current research at different sites in the valley, as well as the results of archaeological research from decades past; an Andean test of a survey methodology that has proven effective in China, Colombia, and other regions around the world. Project results will be disseminated in peer-review publications in the United States and in Peru, and the data will be made available to a global public online through the University of Pittsburgh data base in comparative archaeology website. Peruvian students from different universities will participate in the fieldwork, and will be trained in current survey techniques. Special reports from the project will be disseminated to cultural heritage authorities in Peru to aid in planning for site conservation and tourism.