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Cultural Trades between the Kushan Dynasty and the Chinese Western Regions

贵霜王朝与西域的文化贸易

基本信息

批准号：
05610301
负责人：
ODANI Nakao
金额：
$ 1.09万
依托单位：
Toyama University
依托单位国家：
日本
项目类别：
Grant-in-Aid for General Scientific Research (C)
财政年份：
1993
资助国家：
日本
起止时间：
1993 至 1994
项目状态：
已结题

来源：
https://kaken.nii.ac.jp/en/grant/KAKENHI-PROJECT-05610301/
关键词：
Kushan Dynasty Gandhara Buddhist Art Maiterya Yogacara Silkroad Western Regions Cultural Trades between East and West ガンダーラ美術漢訳経典東西文化交流史弥勒菩薩

项目摘要

The Buddhist art of Gandhara is very attractive and wonderful, because of its cultural mixture of the East and West. In Gandharan art, Buddha and Bodhisattva are two main cult images. The Buddha is the Sakyamuni Buddha, the founder of Buddhism. His images were represented in monastic robe, simply but finely in Hellenistic style. Bodhisattva means the state of Sakyamuni's life before attaining enlightment, and his image were represented as an Indian prince, richly dressed up with jewels.Thus, the iconography of Gandharan art is much easier to understand than of the later Mahayana Buddhism. However, we have to add another Bodhisattva to the Gandharan cult images, Maitreya, a future Buddha. As for the origin of Maitreya belief, I insist that it might have been a foreign impact on the Buddhist tradition, especially from Iranian notion of the cosmic savior (Zoroastrain messianic thought). I tried to discuss the Maitreya's origin of Gandhara, researching the biographies of Chinese pilgrims who visited Gandhara during the 4-5th Centuries A.D., as well as Gandharan monks invited by them to China.Most of the Gandharan monks were performers of yoga (yogacara). Following their belief, yogacaras could hold a close communion with the Maitreya Budhisattva in the Tusita Heaven, if they mastered the secret of yoga exercise. Such an affinity between Gandharan yogacaras and Maitreya, would suggest to us some idea of Maitreya's origin ; when the Kushans invaded southwards in the first century A.D., the Buddhists of Gandhara would have done their best to persuade the Kushan conquerors to convert to Buddhism. In Central Asia the Kushans held their own religion akin to Zoroastrianism. The dialogue between them might result in such a syncretism as Messiah Maitreya of Buddhism. Buddhism has survived, though having lost its purity, and has been able to spread its influence from Gandhara towards the Western Regions and China.

犍陀罗的佛教艺术因其东西方文化的融合而非常迷人和精彩。在犍陀罗艺术中，佛和菩萨是两个主要的崇拜形象。佛陀就是释迦牟尼佛，佛教的创始人。他的形象表现在修道院长袍中，简单而精致的希腊风格。菩萨是指释迦牟尼成佛前的生活状态，他的形象被描绘成一位穿着珠宝的印度王子。因此，犍陀罗艺术的图像比后来的大乘佛教更容易理解。然而，我们必须在犍陀罗的崇拜形象中增加另一位菩萨，弥勒，一位未来的佛。至于弥勒信仰的起源，我坚持认为它可能是对佛教传统的外来影响，特别是来自伊朗的宇宙救世主的概念（琐罗亚斯德教的弥赛亚思想）。我试图讨论弥勒菩萨对犍陀罗的起源，研究公元4-5世纪访问犍陀罗的中国朝圣者的传记，以及他们邀请到中国的犍陀罗僧侣。大多数犍陀罗僧侣都是瑜伽的表演者。根据他们的信仰，如果他们掌握了瑜伽练习的秘密，瑜伽修行者可以在土西塔天堂与弥勒菩萨进行亲密的交流。犍陀罗瑜伽和弥勒之间的这种亲缘关系，会给我们一些关于弥勒起源的想法；公元一世纪，当贵霜人向南入侵时，犍陀罗的佛教徒会尽最大努力说服征服贵霜人改信佛教。在中亚，贵霜人拥有自己的宗教，类似于琐罗亚斯德教。他们之间的对话可能会导致佛教弥赛亚弥勒这样的融合。佛教幸存下来，虽然失去了它的纯洁，并已经能够传播其影响从犍陀罗到西域和中国。