The Reitia-sanctuary from Este (Pd)

祈愿的圣徒，包括他们的微型形式，有6000多个样本，形成了埃斯特的Reitia圣殿的祈祷清点中最大的群体。早在1888年，G.Ghirardini就对一小部分大型青铜器进行了概述；这本出版物构成了直到今天考古专家讨论的基础。直到“雷蒂亚计划”才被完全修订和编目。高脚的基本形式有一个调色板形状的头部，上面有一到三个穿孔和悬挂在其中的装饰板的环，以及一个圆形尖端的长方形杆子。竖井的四面装饰有几何图案和威尼斯字母的排列，主要是装饰性的。可以看出，在某些情况下，出于未知的原因，故意创造了一定数量的人物，在其他情况下，这只是一个装饰性的填充侧面的问题。现有的祈愿铭文被视为次要现象，从一开始就没有与祈愿碑文一起设计。以前，由铁制成的巨大的誓言比青铜的例子少得多。这幅画已经发生了根本性的变化；今天我们可以假设至少相同的数字，这与青铜蒸馏器的形式和装饰相对应。微型石器与大型石器具有相同的带孔的平头和悬挂的环，在形态上与大型石器相似。由于大型灵器及其微型形式既不在坟墓中也不在聚落中，它们的年代迄今在公元前5-1世纪之间波动很大，但唯一的证据是现在的雷蒂亚保护区的地层，其中大型石器和微型形式完全来自公元前2世纪和1世纪的遗迹。在24号石器上发现的神圣铭文从它们被发现的那一刻起就是语言讨论的重要部分。誓词中所有的名字都提到了一位妇女作为捐赠者。只有在极大的保留下才能将这些妇女视为威尼斯社会精英阶层的一员，因为我们不知道雷蒂亚神殿的仪式社区是如何配置的。雷蒂亚神殿中文字的各种用途现在进一步扩大，增加了数百个青铜片点数，这在以前的宗教清单中是未知的。它们不仅可以用来刮蜡板，还可以用来用墨水写字。祈祷用的石柱和它们的微型形式不可能是亵渎神明的写字笔(Stili Srittori)，它们的头部形状排除了它们被用作年钉(Clavus Annalis)；同样的道理也适用于可能用作发夹的用途。

The votive stili, including their miniature forms, with more than six thousand exemplars, form the largest group in the votive inventory of the Reitia sanctuary of Este. As early as 1888, G. Ghirardini gave an overview of a small selection of large bronze stili; this publication formed the basis for the archaeological expert discussion until today. Not until the "Reitia Project" the stili were completely revised and catalogued. The basic form of a stilus has a palette-shaped head with one to three perforations and rings with ornamental plates suspended in them, and a rectangular shaft with a rounded peak. The four sides of the shafts bear decorations with geometric patterns and rows of letters of the Venetian alphabet, which are mainly ornamental in character. It can be seen that in some cases, for unknown reasons, a certain number of characters were deliberately created, in other cases it was only a matter of ornamentally filling the sides. The existing votive inscriptions are to be regarded as secondary phenomena, which were not in a design context with the votive stili from the outset. Large votive stili made of iron were previously much less represented than bronze examples. This picture has changed fundamentally; today we can assume at least the same number, which correspond to the bronze stili in their forms and ornamentation. The miniature stili have the same flat heads with holes and suspended rings as the large stili and are morphologically comparable to the large stili.Since the large votive stili and their miniature forms are found neither in graves nor in settlements, their dating has so far fluctuated with great uncertainty between the 5th -1st centuries B.C. The only evidence for dating is now, however, the stratigraphy of the Reitia sanctuary, in which both, the large stili and their miniature forms, come exclusively from remains of the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C.The consecration inscriptions found on 24 stili were an important part of the linguistic discussion from the moment they were discovered. All the names in the votive inscriptions mention a woman as the donor. To see these women as members of a social elite of Venetian society is only possible with great reservations, because we do not know how the ritual communities in the Reitia sanctuary were configured.The great variety of uses of writing in the Reitia sanctuary is now further expanded by hundreds of bronze sheet points, which were previously unknown from the votive inventory. Not only could they be used to scratch wax tablets, but they could also be used to write with ink.The votive stili and their miniature forms cannot have been profane writing pens (stili scrittori), and their head shape excludes them from being used as year nails (clavus annalis); the same applies to a possible use as hairpins.