Higher integrative mechanism of regulation of emotional behavior and autonomic response in frontal, limbic and hypothalamic system.

在一个特殊的操作任务中，记录了大鼠和猴子的杏仁核（AM）、外侧下丘脑（LHA）、前额叶皮层和自主神经系统的神经元活动，该任务需要对各种奖励或厌恶刺激进行认知（生物学意义）。在认知过程中，颞下皮层(ITCx)-AM-LHA轴因冷却或procainization而导致ITCx， AM或腹侧被盖区（VTA）的可逆性缺陷而导致断开综合征。在大鼠中，1)皮质核AM组参与注意或唤醒；基底外侧核群参与奖励相关学习。2) LHA神经元区分奖励和厌恶，相应地区分刺激预测提示音（CTS），并参与正强化和负强化。3) AM通过与LHA的密切相互联系，参与了味觉相关CTS学习。4)室旁核（PVN）参与去甲肾上腺素（NA）诱导的压力反应，更多反应由-_1-肾上腺素受体介导。5) CTS条件情绪行为学习过程中的压力反应是由阶段性NA和NA敏感PVN（抗利尿激素）神经元引起的。6) LHA和腹内侧核（VMH）的日脑电图相关神经元控制昼夜摄食节律，日脑电图无关神经元控制化学相关摄食节律。在猴子中，1)AM神经元被分为5类（视觉、听觉、摄取、多模态和选择性），处理新的环境和跨模态刺激。反应通过改变基于联想学习和记忆的情感意义来调节。2) LHA神经元对预测奖励的视觉刺激有反应，而对非奖励的视觉刺激无反应，反应受消退或逆转的调节。3) ITGx冷却主要抑制了AM神经元对食物和非食物的识别，AM冷却抑制或消除了LHA食物相关神经元的反应，降低了对食物和非食物的识别。大多数前额皮质神经元对控制猴子行为的有意义的刺激做出反应，但对线索本身的物理性质没有反应。弓形周围、上凸和下凸包含许多参与运动启动、准备、注意、奖励预期或运动抑制的神经元。我们的研究结果表明：1)AM参与识别复杂感官刺激的情感意义，2)LHA参与识别正、负强化刺激引发情绪行为，3)PVN参与伴随情绪行为的自主反应，4)LHA和VMH参与维持昼夜摄食节律和个体摄食行为或事件的启动或维持，5)前额叶皮层参与决策。少

Neuronal activity in the rat and monkey amygdala (AM), lateral hypothalamus (LHA), prefrontal correx and autonomic system was recorded during a special operant task requiring cognition (biological significance) of various rewarding or aversion stimuli. Inferotemporal cortical (ITCx)-AM-LHA axis-during cognition was investigated in terms of the disconnection syndrome by reversible deficits in the ITCx, AM or ventral tegmental area (VTA) by cooling or procainization.In rat, 1) corricomedial nuclear AM groups wre involved in attention or arousal; basolateral nuclear groups were involved in reward related learning. 2) LHA neurons discriminated between reward and aversion correspondingly discriminated the stimulus predicting cue tones (CTS), and were involved in positive and negative reinforcement. 3) The AM, by intimate mutual connections with the LHA, was involved in taste associated CTS learning. 4) The paraventricular nucleus (PVN) was involved in noradrenaline (NA) elicited pressor res … More ponses mediated by -_1-adrenoceptors. 5) A pressor response during CTS learning of conditioned emotional behavior was induced by firing phasically NA and Na sensitive PVN (vasopressin) neurons. 6) Diurnal EEG related neurons in the LHA and ventromedial nucleus (VMH) controlled circadian feeding rhythm, and diurnal EEG unrelated neurons controlled chemical related feeding.In monkey, 1) AM neurons, classed in 5 categories (vision, audition, ingestion, multimodal and selective), processed new environmental and cross-modal stimuli. Responses were modulated by altering affective significance based on associative learning and memory. 2) LHA neurons responded to visual stimuli predicting reward but not to non-rewarding cues, Responses were modulated by extinction or reversal. 3) ITGx cooling suppressed AM neuron discrimination of primarily the sight of food or nonfood, AM cooling depressed or eliminated LHA food related neuron responses, and reduced discrimination of food and nonfood. 4) Most prefrontal cortex neurons responded to meaningful stimuli controlling the monkey's behavior, but not to physical properties of cues per se. Periarcuate, superior convexity and inferior convexity contained many neurons that participated in movement initiation, preparation, attention, reward anticipation or movement suppression.Our results suggest: 1) AM is involved in recognition of affective significance of complex sensory stimuli, 2) LHA is involved in eliciting emotional behavior due to recognition of positive and negative reinforcing stimuli, 3) PVN is involved in autonomic response accompanying emotional behavior, 4) LHA and VMH are involved in maintenance of circadian feeding rhythm and initiation or maintenance of indivisual feeding acts or episodes, 5) Prefrontal cortex is involved in decisions. Less