Integrative functions of recognition, emotion, memory, and behavior in the limbic system

1.本研究记录了大鼠在辨别有无奖赏厌恶的条件感觉刺激时前扣带皮层（AC）、杏仁核（AM）和后丘脑（PT）的神经元活动。在前房中，差异性条件刺激相关神经元主要位于前房的吻侧和腹侧。其他AC神经元主要在ICSS和/或摄入蔗糖（摄入/ICSS相关神经元）期间作出反应，并且位于AC的更后部。在AM中，大多数神经元具有多模态反应，并对条件刺激有差异。这些AM神经元主要位于基底外侧核。PT（非初级丘脑）神经元显示2种类型的反应;早期阶段性反应依赖于感觉方式，和后期反应，逐渐增加，并达到峰值之前的奖励交付。结果表明，单一的 关于我们 在早期反应中，丘脑神经元可以对感觉刺激的获得意义进行编码（回溯编码），在晚期反应中，丘脑神经元可以预测即将到来的奖赏值（前瞻编码）.空间导航的神经机制N神经元活动记录从外侧隔核，海马结构（HP），和神经元核的猴，大鼠和小鼠，而动物在实验领域自由导航，以获得奖励。结果表明，1）外侧隔核参与空间、惯性感觉和奖赏的整合，2）尽管HF和NAC的活动都与空间参数相关，但NAC神经元更可能对奖赏做出反应，而HF神经元的放电与空间参数更密切相关，（3）部分HF神经元对在实验野中表现出任务依赖性的位置场，即特定区域的活动增加，并表现出任务依赖性的交叉相关。面孔识别的神经机制在猴上级颞沟（STS）前部记录到80多个面孔反应神经元。结果表明：1）许多面孔反应神经元不仅对正面和侧面的45度（或3/4）视图进行调谐，2）一些45度最佳神经元对相反的45度视图表现出镜像反应，3）45度最佳反应通常被眼睛接触注视协同增强。结果表明，在前STS的神经元反应的面部和注视方向的相互作用。边缘系统的分子和遗传基础1）D2受体敲除（D2 R-KO）小鼠表现出焦虑增加和昼夜节律减弱，以及运动活动减少和位置学习任务获得较慢。2)D2 R-KO消除了奖励前的预期反应，并增加了NAC神经元的位置相关活动的数量，这表明NAC D2 R参与编码特定类型的神经元对激励突发事件的反应，并部分参与空间学习。3)ACh和加压素类似物改善海马损伤大鼠的学习障碍。少

1.Neural mechanisms of emotion in the limbic systemNeuronal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (AC), amygdala (AM), and posterior thalamus (PT) of rats was recorded during discrimination of conditioned sensory stimuli associated with and without reward aiid aversion. In the AC, differential conditioned stimulus-related neurons were located mainly in the rostral and ventral part of the AC. The other AC neurons responded mainly during ICSS and/or ingestion of sucrose (ingestion/ICSS-related neurons), and were located in a more posterior part of the AC. In the AM, most neurons had multimodal responsiveness, and were differential to the conditioned stimuli. These AM neurons were located mainly in the basolateral nucleus of the AM. The PT (nonprimary thalamic) neurons displayed 2 types of responses; the early phasic responses dependent on the sensory modality, and the late responses that gradually increased, and peaked just prior to reward delivery. The results suggest that single th … More alamic neurons can code for the acquired significance of sensory stimuli in the early responses (retrospective coding) and predict upcoming reward value in the late responses (prospective coding).2. Neural mechanisms of spatial navigationNneuronal activity was recorded from the lateral septal nuclei, hippocampal formation (HP), and nucleus of accumbens (NAC) of monkeys, rats, and mice while animals freely navigated in the experimental field to acquire reward. The results suggest that; 1) the lateral septal nuclei are involved in integration of space, inertial sensation and reward, 2) although activity in both the HF and NAC was correlated with spatial parameters, the NAC neurons were more likely to respond to reward, while the firing of the HF neurons was more closely tied to spatial parameters, 3) some pairs of HF neurons displayed task-dependent place fields where activity increased in specific area in the experimental field, and task-dependent cross-correlation.3. Neural mechanisms of recognition of a faceMore than 80 faces-responsive neurons were recorded from the anterior part of the monkey superior temporal sulcus (STS). The results show that; 1) many face-responsive neurons were tuned to 45-degree (or 3/4) views not only to frontal views and profiles, 2) some of the 45-degree-optimal neurons showed mirror-image response to the opposite 45-degree view, 3) 45-degree-optimal response were often synergistically enhanced by eye-contact gaze. The results suggest interactions of face and gaze directions in the neuronal responses of the anterior STS.4. Molecular and genetic bases of the limbic system1) D2 receptor knockout (D2R-KO) mice displayed increased anxiety and blunted circadian rhythms as well as reduced locomotor activity and slower acquisition of a place learning task. 2) D2R-KO eliminated the pre-reward anticipatory responses, and increased number of place-related activity of the NAC neurons, suggesting that the NAC D2R participates in coding for a specific type of neuronal response to incentive contingencies and partly in spatial learning. 3) ACh and vasopressin analogs ameliorated learning deficits of rats with hippocampal lesions. Less