Positive Research on"Democratic Nature and Efficiency"in Local Educational Administration

第二次世界大战后，日本旨在彻底实现教育管理民主化。实行教委制度，教委由全民投票选举产生，会议向群众公开，实行民主运作。但事实上，该制度很快就进行了修订。董事会成员的公开选举被放弃，会议开幕制度也被从法律中废除。但不能说，地方教育行政的民主原则就消失了，因为它必须在以民主为主要支柱的日本宪法的指导下运作。同时还必须高效、有效。要阐明地方教育行政的民主性与效率之间的相互关系并不容易，因为这些概念是多义且多变的。行政民主分为实质民主和程序民主。效率有两个含义：一个是机械性的，另一个是社会性的。根据我们的研究，不难看出，程序民主与机械效率不可避免地存在矛盾，呈负相关关系，而程序民主与社会效率却呈正相关关系。程序民主、机械效率和社会效率之间的相互关系错综复杂地交织在一起，但现在很明显，我们可以在某种程度上提高这些要素的水平，这并不矛盾。

After the World War II, in Japan, it was intended to democratize the educational administration thorouffily. The system of board of education was introduced, and the board-members were elected by popular vote and its meetings were opened to the people for its democratic operation. But, in fact, the system was revised soon. The public election of board-members was abandoned and the system of opening the meetings was also banished from the law. It can not be said nevertheless that the principle of democracy was perished from the local educational administration, because it must be operated under the Constitution of Japan which makes the democracy its main pole. At the same time, it must be efficient and effective.It is not easy for us to explicate the mutual relationship between the democratic nature and the efficiency of local educational administration, for those concepts are multivocal and changeable. The democratic aspects of administration are devided into the substantive and procedural sides. And there are two meanings of efficiency ; one is mechanical, and the other is social. According to our research, it has become obvious that the procedual democracy and mechanical efficiency are inevitably contradictory and in the negative correlation each other, but that the procedural democracy and social efficiency are in the positive correlation. The mutual relationship among procedural democracy, mechanical and social efficiencies are intertwined complicatedly, but it is now clear that we can elevate the levels of these elements to some degree uncontradictorily.