Positive Research on"Democratic Nature and Efficiency"in Local Educational Administration

第二次世界大战后，日本的教育管理民主化是一个渐进的过程。实行教育委员会制度，委员会成员由人民选举产生，会议向人民开放，实行民主运作。但事实上，该系统很快就被修改了。委员会成员的公开选举被废除，公开会议的制度也被从法律中废除。但不能说地方教育行政中的民主主义原则已经消亡，因为地方教育行政必须在以民主主义为主要支柱的日本宪法下运作。地方教育行政的民主性与地方教育行政的效率之间的相互关系是一个复杂多变的概念，要想准确地把握二者之间的关系并不容易。行政民主分为实体民主和程序民主。效率有两层含义，一层是机械的，另一层是社会的。研究表明，程序民主与机械效率之间存在着必然的矛盾和负相关关系，而程序民主与社会效率之间存在着正相关关系。程序民主、机制效率和社会效率三者之间的相互关系错综复杂，但显然，我们可以在某种程度上不矛盾地提升这些要素的层次。

After the World War II, in Japan, it was intended to democratize the educational administration thorouffily. The system of board of education was introduced, and the board-members were elected by popular vote and its meetings were opened to the people for its democratic operation. But, in fact, the system was revised soon. The public election of board-members was abandoned and the system of opening the meetings was also banished from the law. It can not be said nevertheless that the principle of democracy was perished from the local educational administration, because it must be operated under the Constitution of Japan which makes the democracy its main pole. At the same time, it must be efficient and effective.It is not easy for us to explicate the mutual relationship between the democratic nature and the efficiency of local educational administration, for those concepts are multivocal and changeable. The democratic aspects of administration are devided into the substantive and procedural sides. And there are two meanings of efficiency ; one is mechanical, and the other is social. According to our research, it has become obvious that the procedual democracy and mechanical efficiency are inevitably contradictory and in the negative correlation each other, but that the procedural democracy and social efficiency are in the positive correlation. The mutual relationship among procedural democracy, mechanical and social efficiencies are intertwined complicatedly, but it is now clear that we can elevate the levels of these elements to some degree uncontradictorily.