World Production Potential and Costs of Japonica Rice

这项研究最初始于1991年，主要针对美国的粳稻生产，此后，除1994财年外，一直持续到1998年3月。总体而言，世界水稻生产潜力巨大。水稻增产潜力主要有三种类型：第一类--水田增产潜力。这种类型的地区见于巴西南部、乌拉圭、阿根廷、黑龙江省中国和西非国家。在南美洲南部，这些地区目前被用作牧场。这片面积约为日本面积3倍的巨大平坦空地中，有相当一部分可以改建为稻田。在黑龙江，沼泽地和旱地正在以令人难以置信的速度转变为水田。1980年，该省稻田面积仅为40万公顷左右，而1997年已达到140万公顷。在西非，潜在的…地区S待开发的水田可能有1000多万公顷，因病害问题和缺乏投资资金而不用于农业。类型II--从籼稻到糯稻的潜力转移。水稻的产量取决于市场价格。由于一种稻米的市场价格比另一种稻米的市场价格更好，因此，在同样适合种植水稻的地区，也可以种植糯米。在沿海的中国中部，从籼稻到糯稻的转变是巨大的。国内消费者往往更喜欢糯米而不是糯米，而市场价格往往更高。因此，该地区的生产者正在改变生产体系，尽管粳稻的产量低于籼稻。美国南方的水稻生产有很大的潜力，可以从籼稻转向粳稻。然而，目前国内的糯米价格对生产者来说是可取的；因此，衬衫的速度很慢。在亚热带和热带地区，粳稻生产被认为是不合适的。东南亚国家的一些地区正在进行许多试验并成功地进行了试验。这方面还需要更多的研究。类型III--增产潜力。加利福尼亚州和黑龙江省都有这种现象。加州的产量一直在稳步增长，达到每公顷近8吨(以糙米为基准)。根据过去40年的增长过程，没有迹象表明进一步增长是有限的。在黑龙江，无论是面积还是产量都有增长。为了提高粳稻的品质，阿肯色州的Koshihikari水稻成功地生产出了不倒伏的水稻，这是一个严重的世界性问题。阿肯色州通过引入区间驱方法改进了生产技术。他们花了两年时间才把这件事做好。与此同时，东南亚国家生产的日本品种大米的口感品质较差。这项研究的资金和时间不允许我们对复活节欧洲和前苏联地区的水稻生产潜力进行研究。看来该地区蕴藏着相当大的潜力。建议进行详细的调查。较少

This study was originally started in 1991 focusing on japonica rice production in the U.S.Since then, except for the fiscal year 1994, it has been continuously conducted until March 1998. Overall, it was found that potential production of japonica rice in the world was enormous. There are three major types of potential increases in japonica rice production : TypeI--potential increase in paddy fields. This type of areas are observed in Southern part of Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Heilongjiang Province in China and West African countries. In the southern South America, those areas are currently used for pasture. Some considerable part of this huge flat open areas, which is about 3 times as large as the size of Japan, can be converted to paddy fields. In Heilongjiang, swampy area and upland fields are being converted to paddy fields at an unbelievably fast pace. Paddy fields in the Province was only about 400,000 ha in 1980 but it was 1.4 million ha in 1997. In West Africa, potential area … More s to be developed for paddy fields may be over 10 million ha which are not used for agriculture due to disease problems and lack of investment funding.Type II--potential shift from indica rice to japonica rice. Production of indica/japonica rices depend on market prices. Because market prices are preferable on one kind over the other, indica rices might be produced in an area where japonica rice production is also suitable. In Central China along the coast, the shift from indica to japonica rices is tremendous. The domestic consumers often prefer japonica rice over indica and market prices of japonica prices are always greater. Accordingly, producers in the area are shifting the production system despite the fact that the yields of japonica rice is smaller than indica. Rice production in the South in the U.S.holds a great potential to shift from indica to japonica. However, domestic prices of indica rice currently are preferable for the producers ; therefore, shirts are very slow. In semi-tropical and tropical areas, japonica rice production was considered unsuitable. Many trials are being conducted and successfully produced in some areas in Southeast Asian countries. More researches are needed in this respect.Type III--potential increases in yields. These are observed in California and Heilongjiang Province. Yields in California have been growing steadily reaching nearly 8 tons per ha (brown rice basis). According to the growing process during the last four decades, there is no indication that further growth is limited. In Heilongjiang, there is a growth in both areas and yields.Regarding quality improvement of japonica rice, Koshihikari rice in Arkansas was produced successfully without lodging which is a serious problem all over the world. Production technology in Arkansas was improved by introducing the interval flooding method. It took them for two years to conduct it properly. Meanwhile, taste quality of Japanese variety rice produced in Southeast Asian countries is rather poor. It is worth while conducting tests to improve it in the area.The fund and time of this study did not allow us to conduct a research on potential japonica rice production in the Easter Europe and the former Soviet Union areas. It seems that there are fairly large potential exist in the area. Detailed investigation is recommended. Less