General Studies on the City Walls in Ancient Italy

本研究以意大利的古城墙为研究对象，特别是以庞贝防御工事为代表进行研究。根据我们小组进行的挖掘所获得的数据进行的研究，得出了以下几点来反驳这方面的广泛接受的观点：1.关于使用被称为Pappamonte的凝灰石的墙壁，它们可以确定为公元前6世纪的年代，这是公认的。然而，由于施工薄弱，这座城墙很难作为一种防御工事。2.庞贝城墙的下一阶段是建造所谓的石灰石直立墙。一般认为它最迟在公元前5世纪初建造。然而，我们对出土材料的研究可能会将建造时间缩短到公元前4世纪末。目前的Opus Quadratum城墙是分两个阶段建造的：更古老的是Th…石灰岩的墙越多，凝灰岩的墙越新。一般来说，人们断言，这两个阶段之间存在显著的时间差。我们提出的假设是，由于作为防御工事的石灰岩墙的不完整，差异是最小的。4.庞贝城墙的最后一次修改发生在公元前1世纪初，通过毗邻城墙上的防御塔。我们发掘出来的第九座塔是在后期重建的。因此，庞贝城墙的建造也在罗马时期不断向前推进，这与普遍接受的观点相反。5.在第九座塔周围，假设有一座名为卡普亚门的城门。然而，我们的挖掘最终可能会忽略这扇门的存在。对19世纪文献的一系列研究澄清了人们对这座城门存在误解的背景，其中一部分成果是在2002年11月在罗马举行的国际会议上报告的。较少

This study deals with the ancient city walls in Italy, and in particular the Pompeian fortification is mainly discussed as the representative example. From the research on the basis of the data obtained by the excavation carried out our team, the following points have been obtained to controvert the widely accepted view in this respect :1.As for the walls using the tufaceous stone called Pappamonte, they can be dated in the sixth century B.C, as generally accepted. However, because of the weakness in construction, this city walls could be hardly consistent as a fortification.2.The next stage of the city walls in Pompei was the construction of the so-called the ortho-standing walls of limestone. Generally it has been supposed to be constructed at latest to the early fifth century B.C. However, our study on the excavated materials may reduce the construction period to the late fourth century B.C.3.The present city walls in Opus Quadratum was constructed in two phases: the older was of th … More e walls of limestone and the newer was of the tuff. Generally it has been asserted that a significant time difference laid between these two phases. We proposed the hypothesis that the deference was minimum because of the incompleteness of the walls of limestone as a fortification.4.The final modification pf the Pompeian city walls took place to the early first century B.C, by adjoining the defensive towers on the walls. The Ninth Tower that was brought to the light by our excavation was reconstructed in the later period. Hence the construction of city walls in Pompeii went continuously forward also in the Roman Period, in contrary to the generally accepted views.5.Around the Ninth Tower, hypothetically a city gate called Porta Capua has been located. However our excavation could finally neglect the existence of this gate. A series of researches on the 19^<th> century's documentation clarified the context of the misunderstanding on the existence of this city gate.A part of these achievements was reported in the occasion of an international congress held in November 2002 at Rome. Less