Longitudinal Study on Risk and Protective Factors for Delinquent and Problem Behaviors of Junior High School Children.

从2002年9月至2004年9月进行了为期三年的纵向数据收集，记录了初中儿童的犯罪和问题行为，并阐明了犯罪和问题行为的风险和保护因素。研究对象为居住在爱知县和福岛县的近1000名10年级学生及其父母。儿童每隔4个月回答7次问卷，家长每隔1年回答3次问卷。问卷内容包括儿童的不良行为、抑郁、自我价值感、气质、应对策略、同伴行为和同伴关系、学校取向、家庭环境如父母教养、父母关系、家庭功能等。每次回答问卷的儿童共212名，其中女性121名，男性91名。主要发现有：(1)青少年犯罪存在一定的发展模式；(2)青少年犯罪行为与抑郁相关；(3)气质因素在青少年犯罪行为发展中起重要作用；(4)儿童报告与家长报告差异较大，家长对儿童犯罪行为的认知不准确；(5)儿童受同伴影响。在抑郁症状方面，(1)表现出抑郁症状的儿童占样本总数的20%以上，(2)在每个数据收集期都表现出抑郁症状的儿童占样本总数的10%以上，(3)性别差异明显一致，女性比男性更抑郁，(4)父母因素对估计的影响很小。(5)儿童自身的自我价值感和同伴因素比父母和家庭因素的影响更大。

Longitudinal data collection performed to document junior high-school children's delinquent and problem behaviors and to clarify risk and protective factors to delinquent and problem behaviors for three years from September 2002 to September 2004. Subjects were almost a thousand 7^<th> graders and their parents resided in Aichi and Fukushima Prefectures. Children answered questionnaires 7 times by 4-month interval, and parents answered questionnaire 3 times by one-year interval. The questionnaires composed children's delinquent behaviors, depression, self-worth, temperament, coping strategy, peer behaviors and peer relationships, school orientation, and family environment such as parenting, father-mother relationship, and family functioning. The children who answered questionnaires every time were 212 (121 females and 91 males).Major findings on delinquency were as follow : (1) there were some progress patterns of delinquency, (2) delinquent behaviors correlated with depression, (3) temperamental factors played important role in development of delinquent behaviors, (4) there were big discrepancies between child's report and parental report, and parents did not perceive child's delinquent behaviors precisely, (5) children were influenced by peer. On depressive symptoms, (1) the children who showed depressive symptoms were amounted more than 20% of sample, (2) the children who showed depressive symptoms consistently for every data collection period were amounted more than 10% of sample, (3) there were clear and consistent gender differences, females were more depressive than males, (4) the parental factors had very small power to estimations, (5) child's own self-worth and peer factors showed greater power rather than parental and family factors.