A Cross-Cultural Research on Pluralistic Citizenship and The Concept of 'Komin' in Japanese Citizenship

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The differences in the concept of Citizenship education in each country are caused by how each specific group in that country relates to the upper "inclusive" group, such as the nation state, in the educational policy and curriculum. This research points out the relational aspects among different levels of groups, such as community, local, national and regional, included in the curriculum of Social studies from historical and cross-cultural perspectives. This research concludes that there are two key points in reconstructing Citizenship education in pluralistic societies : the boundary of "inclusive citizenship" and the "vertical" relationship between the upper inclusive group and the small groups, or individuals.