Comparative Study about Effectiveness of the Care Systems : Japan, Sweden UK and Germany

我们的研究项目旨在发现护理系统有效性的要素。为了完成这项任务，我们调查了瑞典、英国、德国的护理系统，并对我国的护理系统进行了比较。我们的研究要点如下。在瑞典，在所谓的“阿德尔改革”下，护理系统在20世纪90年代进行了重组。我们调查了包括住房标准和非正式照顾在内的问题。在英国，我们调查了护理服务的重组；国家卫生服务、地方当局和志愿组织。我们注意到服务的资格标准、护理人员的标准以及现金和实物服务之间的联系的重要性。在德国，我们也得到了关于社会长期护理保险下的培训体系和护理人员标准的重组的信息。我们将护理系统有效性的研究结果整理如下。总的来说，我们遵循了福利国家和关怀政策的比较研究。此外，我们强调了我们比较研究结果的因素；(1)医疗保健与社会保健；(2)中央与地方政府的公共关系；(3)福利多元化；(4)地方政府提供服务的责任及其质量；(5)护理人员的标准、培训制度和工作条件；(6)抚养决定的标准和方式；(7)非正式护理及其活动；(8)费用支付关系；(9)护理保障制度（提供服务或实物）的特点；（10）家庭和住宿照顾的条件。

Our research project aimed to discover the elements of effectiveness of the Care Systems. To do this task, we investigated the Care Systems of Sweden, United Kingdom, Germany, and compared those of our country. The points of our research are as follows.In Sweden, Care Systems has been reorganizing in 1990s, under the so called 'Adelreform.' We investigated those including the housing standard and informal care. In UK, we investigated the reorganization of care services ; National Health Services, local authorities and voluntary organizations. We noticed the importance of the eligibility criteria of services, standard of care workers and the connection between cash and in-kind services. In Germaner, we also got information about the reorganization of the training systems and standard of care staffs, under the social long-term care insurance.We arranged our research results concerning the effectiveness of the Care Systems as follows.In general, we followed the comparative study of welfare state and care policy.In addition, we stressed the elements to our comparative study reults ;(1) medical care and social care, (2) public relationship between central and local government, (3) welfare pluralism, (4) responsibility of local authorities to delivering services and its quality, (5) standard, training systems and work conditions of care staffs, (6) standards and ways of the decision for dependency, (7) informal care and their activities, (8) relationship about paying for the costs, (9) characters of the care security systems (service provision or in-kind), (10) condition of home and residential care.