21ST CENTURY IMAGING SCIENCES: GRADUATE STUDENT TRAINING

项目概述：成像技术的革命性进展推动了生物科学的发现， 药成像科学的这些进步取决于整个世界的技术创新。 物理和生物科学。近几十年来， 强调了技术与环境之间这种相互依存关系的根本重要性， 生物医学科学2008年诺贝尔奖的一个重要发现是 荧光蛋白在Shimomura，Chalfie，Inoue，Tsien和许多其他人的实验室。“活细胞 如果没有这些技术，显微镜技术将仍然掌握在少数熟练的细胞生物学家手中。 研究小组设计了一种简单的方法，利用分子生物学标记活细胞中的重要蛋白质。基因产物可以 不仅在结构上定位，如抗体技术，而且在活细胞内动态定位。与 通过这项技术，现在几乎可以将任何生物分子置于结构的背景下， 动态;也就是说，在空间和时间。 从目前来看，21世纪影像科学的前沿在哪里， 最大的挑战？基础科学和转化科学的挑战通常定义了成像科学 挑战，如下面的例子所示。(1)光遗传和化学遗传技术 彻底改变了探测大脑回路的方式，现在可以解剖复杂的神经调节 与奖赏厌恶和焦虑有关的回路新的Sonogenetic方法也刚刚出现。 然而，这些将信息“写入”大脑的技术需要成像技术的进步来“读取”大脑中的信息。 应答(2)计算成像在过去的5年里经历了一场革命， 机器学习和深度学习技术的增长。然而，当这些方法被转化为 临床应用在优化和验证实现方面的挑战越来越大。(3)巨大 预期在细胞治疗和组织工程领域会取得进展。然而，这些先进的治疗方法 正在寻求成像技术的进步，以实现个性化的治疗优化。(4)重大进展 最近已经开发了多模态成像技术，最突出的是PET/MR的开发 混合系统新的混合成像系统，结合了联合收割机PET和光学或光声成像， 例如，只有通过解决成像科学的挑战才能取得进步。 需要一种新的教育和创造性的范式来为未来的成像科学家解决这些问题做好准备。 问题由工程师、物理学家、计算机科学家、数学家、化学家组成的跨学科团队， 生物学家和医生在生物学、技术和医学之间的界面上共同工作， 需要合作开发新的成像技术和战略。有了这些需求 和目标，华盛顿大学创建了成像科学途径（ISP）。

Project Summary: Revolutionary advances in imaging drive discovery in the biological sciences and medicine. These advances in imaging sciences depend on innovations in technology throughout the physical and biological sciences. In recent decades, a number of significant breakthroughs have underscored the fundamental importance of this interdependent relationship between technology and biomedical science. One important discovery that culminated in the 2008 Nobel Prize was the work on fluorescent proteins in the laboratories of Shimomura, Chalfie, Inoue, Tsien and many others. “Live cell microscopy would have remained in the hands of a small number of skilled cell biologists had not these groups devised a simple way to use molecular biology to tag vital proteins in living cells. Gene products can be localized not only structurally, as with antibody technology, but also dynamically within living cells. With this technology, it is now possible to place virtually any biomolecule in the context of structure and dynamics; that is, within space and time.” From the current perspective, where are the frontiers of imaging sciences in the 21st century, and what are its biggest challenges? Challenges in basic and translational sciences, often define the imaging science challenges, as illustrated in the following examples. (1) Optogenetic and Chemogenetic techniques have revolutionized the way brain circuitry is probed, and now enable dissection of complex neuromodulatory circuits related to reward, aversion and anxiety. Novel Sonogenetic methods are also just now emerging. Yet these technologies for “writing” information into the brain require advances in imaging to “read” the responses. (2) Computational imaging has experienced a revolution over the last 5 years with the incredible growth in machine learning and deep learning techniques. However, as these methods are translated into clinical applications the challenges in optimizing and validating implementation loom large. (3) Tremendous progress is anticipated in the area of cell therapy and tissue engineering. Yet, these advanced therapeutics are asking for advancements in imaging for personalized therapeutic optimization. (4) Major advances in multimodal imaging technologies have recently been made, most prominently the development of PET/MR hybrid systems. New hybrid imaging systems that combine PET and optical or photoacoustic imaging, for example, advance only through solving imaging science challenges. A new educational and creative paradigm is required to prepare future imaging scientists for solving these problems. Interdisciplinary teams of engineers, physicists, computer scientists, mathematicians, chemists, biologists, and physicians working together at the interfaces between biology, technology, and medicine are needed to collaborate in the development of new imaging technologies and strategies. With these needs and goals in mind, Washington University created the Imaging Sciences Pathway (ISP).