21ST CENTURY IMAGING SCIENCES: GRADUATE STUDENT TRAINING

项目概述：生物科学和生物科学中成像驱动发现的革命性进展 医药。成像科学的这些进步依赖于整个世界的技术创新 物理和生物科学。近几十年来，一些重大突破已经 强调技术和技术之间的这种相互依存关系的根本重要性 生物医学科学。最终获得2008年诺贝尔奖的一个重要发现是关于 下村、查尔菲、井上、钱学森和其他许多实验室的荧光蛋白质。“活细胞 如果没有这些，显微镜就会一直掌握在少数熟练的细胞生物学家手中 研究小组设计了一种简单的方法来使用分子生物学来标记活细胞中的重要蛋白质。基因产品可以 不仅在结构上定位，就像抗体技术一样，而且在活细胞内也是动态的。使用 这项技术，现在可以将几乎任何生物分子置于结构和 动态；也就是说，在空间和时间内。 从目前的角度来看，21世纪成像科学的前沿在哪里，有哪些 它最大的挑战是什么？基础科学和翻译科学中的挑战通常定义了成像科学 挑战，如以下示例所示。(1)光遗传和化学遗传技术具有 革命性地探索大脑回路的方式，现在可以解剖复杂的神经调节 与奖励、厌恶和焦虑有关的回路。新的声学方法也刚刚出现。 然而，这些将信息“写入”大脑的技术需要先进的成像技术才能“读”出 回应。(2)在过去的5年里，计算成像经历了一场革命，令人难以置信的 机器学习和深度学习技术的发展。然而，由于这些方法被转换为 临床应用优化和验证实施的挑战迫在眉睫。(3)巨大 预计在细胞治疗和组织工程领域将取得进展。然而，这些先进的疗法 要求在成像方面取得进步，以实现个性化治疗优化。(四)取得重大进展 多模式成像技术最近得到了发展，最突出的是PET/MR的发展 混合系统。将PET与光学或光声成像相结合的新型混合成像系统，用于 例如，只有通过解决成像科学挑战才能取得进步。 需要一种新的教育和创新模式来为未来的成像科学家解决这些问题做好准备。 有问题。由工程师、物理学家、计算机科学家、数学家、化学家、 生物学家和医生在生物学、技术和医学之间的接口上共同工作 需要在开发新的成像技术和战略方面进行合作。满足这些需求 考虑到目标，华盛顿大学创建了成像科学途径(Isp)。

Project Summary: Revolutionary advances in imaging drive discovery in the biological sciences and medicine. These advances in imaging sciences depend on innovations in technology throughout the physical and biological sciences. In recent decades, a number of significant breakthroughs have underscored the fundamental importance of this interdependent relationship between technology and biomedical science. One important discovery that culminated in the 2008 Nobel Prize was the work on fluorescent proteins in the laboratories of Shimomura, Chalfie, Inoue, Tsien and many others. “Live cell microscopy would have remained in the hands of a small number of skilled cell biologists had not these groups devised a simple way to use molecular biology to tag vital proteins in living cells. Gene products can be localized not only structurally, as with antibody technology, but also dynamically within living cells. With this technology, it is now possible to place virtually any biomolecule in the context of structure and dynamics; that is, within space and time.” From the current perspective, where are the frontiers of imaging sciences in the 21st century, and what are its biggest challenges? Challenges in basic and translational sciences, often define the imaging science challenges, as illustrated in the following examples. (1) Optogenetic and Chemogenetic techniques have revolutionized the way brain circuitry is probed, and now enable dissection of complex neuromodulatory circuits related to reward, aversion and anxiety. Novel Sonogenetic methods are also just now emerging. Yet these technologies for “writing” information into the brain require advances in imaging to “read” the responses. (2) Computational imaging has experienced a revolution over the last 5 years with the incredible growth in machine learning and deep learning techniques. However, as these methods are translated into clinical applications the challenges in optimizing and validating implementation loom large. (3) Tremendous progress is anticipated in the area of cell therapy and tissue engineering. Yet, these advanced therapeutics are asking for advancements in imaging for personalized therapeutic optimization. (4) Major advances in multimodal imaging technologies have recently been made, most prominently the development of PET/MR hybrid systems. New hybrid imaging systems that combine PET and optical or photoacoustic imaging, for example, advance only through solving imaging science challenges. A new educational and creative paradigm is required to prepare future imaging scientists for solving these problems. Interdisciplinary teams of engineers, physicists, computer scientists, mathematicians, chemists, biologists, and physicians working together at the interfaces between biology, technology, and medicine are needed to collaborate in the development of new imaging technologies and strategies. With these needs and goals in mind, Washington University created the Imaging Sciences Pathway (ISP).