Mechanism of a nucleotide dependent transcription activation process

每个有机体的细胞在其DNA分子中都包含一个化学密码，该密码保存着制造所有蛋白质产品所需的信息，这些蛋白质产品是细胞生长和存活所必需的。密码的形式是核苷酸碱基的线性序列，著名的A，G，C&T。这些字母的顺序决定了细胞蛋白质氨基酸随后的线性顺序，最终决定了细胞的结构和功能。将核苷酸信息转换成编码的氨基酸序列称为基因表达。这个过程的第一步是细胞内最重要的反应之一，涉及制作DNA信息的RNA副本-转录本。参与这一过程的酶--RNA聚合酶--必须在DNA中一个被称为启动子的定义点开始复制过程。在细胞中，这一过程受到严格的调控，并决定了正在读取的基因的模式，从而有助于细胞遗传程序的准确执行。我们正在研究控制起始点的选择和RNA聚合酶从被动DNA结合蛋白进入主动复制机的受控激活的基本机制。特别是，我们正在研究转录机器的蛋白质组件如何利用细胞的能量货币--一种名为ATP的分子--作为小机器发挥作用，并在不同状态之间进行相互转换。我们想知道在最初的步骤中-当双链DNA以单链形式打开并将模板链输送到RNAP位点合成RNA时，转录机制的详细特征和构象变化。

The cells of every organism contain a chemical code within their DNA molecules that holds the information needed for making all the protein products required to make the cell grow and stay alive. The code is in the form of a linear sequence of nucleotide bases, the famous A,G, C & T. The order of these letters determines the subsequent linear order of amino acids of the cell's proteins, which ultimately determine its structure and function. Converting the nucleotide information into the encoded amino acid sequence is known as as gene expression. The first step in this process is one of the most important reactions inside cells and involves making an RNA copy - a transcript- of the DNA message. The enzymes involved in this process - RNA polymerases - must start the copying process at a defined point in DNA, known as the promoter. In cells, this process is tightly regulated and determines the pattern of genes being read and thus contributes to the precise execution of the cellular genetic program. We are studying the basic mechanisms that control the choice of start site and the controlled activation of the RNA polymerase from a passive DNA-binding protein into the active copying machine. In particular we are studying how the protein components of transcription machinery use the energy currency of the cell-a molecule called ATP-to function as small machines and to interconvert between different states. We would like to know the detailed features and the conformational changes in the transcription machinery during the initial steps - when the double stranded DNA is opened up in single strand forms and the template strand is delivered into the site of RNAP for synthesizing RNA.