Neurobehavioral Determinants of Health Risk Behaviors: From Adolescence to Young Adulthood

项目总结 危害健康的行为，如使用药物，在青年时期最为普遍，可能导致 上瘾。因此，找出导致这些健康危险行为增加的因素至关重要。 青壮年。青少年健康危险行为的一个重要特征是认知自我控制迟缓或缺乏。 冲动的人。这是因为大脑的前额叶区域--对冲动控制至关重要的区域--仍然 在青壮年期间成熟，这是一个发展转型的关键时期，在 充满更多冒险机会的社会背景。目前的神经生物学模型主要集中在 大脑控制和奖赏系统发育不平衡解释常态升高 青春期的冒险行为。然而，人们对大脑发育的个体差异知之甚少。 潜在的高风险决策，导致健康危险行为从青春期升级到青年 成人期。这项申请建议继续对167名青少年(13/14岁至16/17岁)进行纵向研究 在整个青年时期(18/19至21/22岁)使用密集、重复、多层次的数据(包括 神经成像、行为表现以及自我和父母报告)。样本涉及来自中国的青少年 未得到充分研究的阿巴拉契亚农村社区，药物滥用/成瘾率高，等等 最近发生了阿片类药物/海洛因过量危机。其目的是阐明以下动态交互作用 神经过程的发展轨迹--风险/回报处理(估值系统)和认知 控制(控制系统)--对青春期和青少年的健康危险行为产生不同的易感性 青壮年。核心假设是：(1)估值和控制系统之间的相互作用 评估和控制之间的统计交互作用将显示对健康风险行为的贡献 神经激活以及系统间连通性的模式；以及(2)社会生态环境效应 关于神经过程的研究将阐明青少年大脑发育可能成为 贫穷，最终导致青壮年的健康行为不佳。具体目标是 研究青春期大脑发育对年轻人健康危险行为的长期预期影响 成年期以及健康危险行为对大脑发育的相互影响(目标1)并检查 青春期的社会经济逆境(如匮乏、低收入与需要比率)对健康风险的影响 青壮年的行为，部分通过父母教养环境(例如，父母自我调节和 不适应的育儿方式)，具有青壮年特有的社会经济背景因素(例如， 上大学)预测年轻人的健康危险行为(目标2)。这些发现将产生关键的 对青春期和青少年健康危险行为易感性的神经机制的洞察 青壮年和背景对这些机制的影响，有可能告知最佳时机， 开展有针对性的预防工作，改善有吸毒成瘾风险的青少年的发展途径。

PROJECT SUMMARY Health risk behaviors, such as substance use, are most prevalent during young adulthood and can lead to addiction. Thus, it is crucial to identify factors that contribute to growth in these health risk behaviors during young adulthood. A key feature of young adult health risk behaviors is delay or deficit in cognitive self-control of impulses. This is because prefrontal regions of the brain—regions critical to impulse control—are still maturing across young adulthood, a critical period of developmental transition with increasing independence in social contexts imbued with greater risk-taking opportunities. Current neurobiological models focus on developmental imbalance between the brain’s control and reward systems to explain the normative heightened risk taking seen in adolescence. Yet, little is known about individual differences in brain development underlying risky decision-making that leads to escalation of health risk behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood. This application proposes to continue a longitudinal study of 167 adolescents (13/14 to 16/17 years) throughout young adulthood (18/19 to 21/22 years) with intensive, repeated, multiple-level data (including neuroimaging, behavioral performance, and self- and parent report). The sample involves adolescents from understudied Appalachian rural communities that have high rates of substance abuse/addiction, and more recently an opioid/heroin overdose crisis. The objective is to clarify dynamic interactions between developmental trajectories of neural processes—risk/reward processing (valuation system) and cognitive control (control system)—that produce differential vulnerability to health risk behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood. The central hypotheses are: (1) the interplay between valuation and control systems contributing to health risk behaviors will be shown by statistical interactions between valuation and control neural activations as well as patterns of between-system connectivity; and (2) socioecological context effects on neural processes will clarify conditions under which adolescent brain development may become impoverished, and ultimately lead to suboptimal health behavior in young adulthood. The specific aims are to examine long-term prospective effects of brain development in adolescence on health risk behaviors in young adulthood as well as reciprocal effects of health risk behaviors on brain development (Aim 1) and to examine effects of socioeconomic adversity (e.g., scarcity, low income-to-need ratio) in adolescence on health risk behaviors in young adulthood, partially mediated through parenting contexts (e.g., parent self-regulation and maladaptive parenting), with socioeconomic contextual factors that are unique to young adulthood (e.g., college attendance) predicting young adult health risk behaviors (Aim 2). These findings will yield critical insights into the neural mechanisms underlying susceptibility to health risk behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood and contextual influences on these mechanisms, with the potential to inform optimally-timed, targeted prevention efforts to ameliorate developmental pathways of youth who are at risk for drug addiction.