UNDERSTANDING COMORBIDITY BETWEEN READING DISABILITY AND ADHD

阅读障碍（RD）和注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）是两种最普遍的疾病 这两种疾病经常同时发生。拟议的总体目标 研究的目的是为了完善我们对ADHD的诊断有效性，病因学和神经心理学的理解， 为了了解ADHD如何导致RD。为了实现这些目标， 将对50对同卵双胞胎和50对 异卵双胞胎，其中每对至少有一名成员是阅读残疾，一个独立的样本， 50对同卵双胞胎和50对异卵双胞胎，其中每对中至少有一名成员有 ADHD，以50对同卵双胞胎和50对异卵双胞胎为对照样本， 阅读缺陷或多动症的病史，以及所有双胞胎的兄弟姐妹。测试电池包括多个 执行功能、眶额叶皮层功能和处理速度的测量。一个经过充分验证的 此外，还将对每个学校的家长和教师进行诊断性访谈和一系列评定量表。 双胞胎和他们的兄弟姐妹评估ADHD和共病的内化和外化症状。DNA将 从每个双胞胎和兄弟姐妹和所有生物学父母收集，这些表型和基因型数据将 用于进行单变量和双变量双胞胎、连锁和候选基因分析，以确定 影响ADHD及其与RD共病的数量性状基因座。

Reading Disability (RD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) are the two most prevalent disorders of childhood, and these two disorders frequently co-occur. The overall goal of the proposed research is to refine our understanding of the diagnostic validity, etiology and neuropsychology of ADHD in order to understand how ADHD contributes to RD. To accomplish these objectives, an extensive psychometric test battery will be administered to a sample of 50 pairs of identical twins and 50 pairs of fraternal twins in which at least one member of each pair is reading disabled, to an independent sample of 50 pairs of identical twins and 50 pairs of fraternal twins in which at least one member of each pair has ADHD, to a comparison sample of 50 pairs of identical twins and 50 pairs of fraternal twins with no school history of reading deficits or ADHD, and to the siblings of all twin pairs. The test battery includes multiple measures of executive functions, orbital frontal cortex functioning, and processing speed. A well-validated diagnostic interview and a battery of rating scales will also be administered to parents and teachers of each twin and their siblings to assess ADHD and comorbid internalizing and externalizing symptoms. DNA will be collected from each twin and sibling and all biological parents, and these phenotypic and genotypic data will be used to conduct univariate and bivariate twin, linkage, and candidate gene analyses to identify quantitative trait loci that influence ADHD and its comorbidity with RD.