Glove box, optical microscope and electronics for advanced 2-D materials research

自现代计算诞生以来，计算的能效一直是电子学进化变化和革命性变化的驱动力。如今，每年约有1500太瓦时或全球发电量的10%消耗在信息和通信技术上，主要是在云计算上(M.P.Wells，云从煤炭开始)。计算基础设施史无前例的能源消耗对环境的影响并没有逃脱公众的注意(J.Glanz，《电力、污染和互联网》，《纽约时报》，2012年)。可以通过开发具有固有低工作电压的晶体管来提高能效，这种晶体管被广泛认为可以通过使用诸如隧道效应之类的量子力学效应来实现(A.M.Ionescu和H.Riel，自然，479,329(2011))。

Since the dawn of modern computing, the energy efficiency of computation has been a driving force for both evolutionary change and revolutionary change in electronics. Today, approximately 1500 TWhr per year or 10% of global electricity production is consumed on information and communication technologies, primarily on cloud computing (M. P. Wells, The Cloud Begins With Coal). The environmental implications of unprecedented energy consumption by computing infrastructure have not escaped the public’s attention (J. Glanz, Power, Pollution and the Internet, New York Times, 2012). Improved energy efficiency can be reached by developing transistors with inherently low operating voltage, widely acknowledged to be achievable by using quantum mechanical effects such as tunnelling (A. M. Ionescu and H. Riel, Nature 479, 329 (2011)).