Opto-chemical sensors for direct measurement of state of energy in electric battery cells

电池组是电动汽车的主要能量来源，其管理在推动消费者广泛采用电动汽车方面发挥着重要作用。为了实时管理电池组性能，同时预测退化和故障，需要确定单个电池单元的真实能量化学状态（SOE）。目前，性能管理是使用电流、电压和表面温度等参数来完成的，这些参数由配置在电池组中的电子传感器提供，而不是在电池组中的每个电池中。通过这种方法，某些参数，如单个细胞中剩余的化学能量的确切数量或其健康状态（SOH）无法揭示。此外，细胞内部工作温度的变化会影响其内部化学过程的动力学，导致细胞降解或直接影响SOE。潜在的故障和过早的电池退化通常是通过不使电池达到最大容量和过度设计电池组来避免的。

The battery pack is the main source of energy in electric vehicles (EVs) and its management plays a big role in promoting widespread adoption of EVs by consumers. Determination of the true chemical state of energy (SOE) of individual battery cells is needed to enable real-time battery pack performance management while predicting degradation and failure. Currently, performance management is done using parameters such as current, voltage and surface temperature, provided by electrical sensors collocated in groups of cells rather than in every single cell in the pack; through this approach, certain parameters, such as the exact amount of chemical energy left in a single cell or its state of health (SOH) cannot be revealed. Additionally, variations in cell internal operating temperature influence the kinetics of the chemical process within it, causing cell degradation or directly influencing the SOE. Potential failure and premature cell degradation are usually avoided by not operating the cells to their full capacity and over-engineering the battery packs.