Opto-chemical sensors for direct measurement of state of energy in electric battery cells

电池组是电动汽车（EV）的主要能源，其管理在促进消费者广泛采用EV方面发挥着重要作用。需要确定单个电池单元的真实化学能量状态（SOE），以实现实时电池组性能管理，同时预测退化和故障。目前，性能管理是使用诸如电流、电压和表面温度的参数来完成的，这些参数由布置在电池组中而不是电池组中的每个单个电池中的电传感器提供;通过这种方法，某些参数，诸如单个电池中剩余的化学能的确切量或其健康状态（SOH）不能被揭示。此外，电池内部工作温度的变化会影响电池内部化学过程的动力学，导致电池退化或直接影响SOE。潜在的故障和过早的电池退化通常通过不使电池满容量运行和过度设计电池组来避免。

The battery pack is the main source of energy in electric vehicles (EVs) and its management plays a big role in promoting widespread adoption of EVs by consumers. Determination of the true chemical state of energy (SOE) of individual battery cells is needed to enable real-time battery pack performance management while predicting degradation and failure. Currently, performance management is done using parameters such as current, voltage and surface temperature, provided by electrical sensors collocated in groups of cells rather than in every single cell in the pack; through this approach, certain parameters, such as the exact amount of chemical energy left in a single cell or its state of health (SOH) cannot be revealed. Additionally, variations in cell internal operating temperature influence the kinetics of the chemical process within it, causing cell degradation or directly influencing the SOE. Potential failure and premature cell degradation are usually avoided by not operating the cells to their full capacity and over-engineering the battery packs.