Development of genetic models and exploration criteria for gem and rare element deposits

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Canada produces diamond, amethyst, and opal, but given its huge land mass, we might expect that it also contains economic deposits of other gem materials, including emerald and ruby. Yet Canada does not currently produce these coloured gems. Many recent discoveries in Canada suggest that such production is possible, but research on the topic is scarce. Notably, pegmatites from the Canadian Cordillera have as yet received little attention, even though Cordilleran pegmatites in the US have been significant producers of gemstones for over a century.******The proposed research will develop models of non-diamond coloured gem deposits to explain how they form and to lead to more effective exploration techniques. Some rock types that contain gem deposits are also significant producers of technologically important rare elements. This work will have the strong potential to significantly impact on our understanding of both coloured gem and rare element occurrences.******Models developed as part of the proposed research program will lay the groundwork for development of novel exploration methods that will facilitate new occurrence discoveries and evaluation of their economic potential. This will be of intense interest to industry. Successful application of what is learned will result in increased profit to Canadian mining companies, further investment in innovation, and increased employment in mining and secondary industries, focused on remote areas that traditionally suffer from high rates of unemployment. Note that mining of gem and rare element deposits is considered "greener" than other types of mining, as it involves comparatively minimal environmental impact.******Annually over the course of the proposed research, five graduate students and one postdoctoral fellow will receive mentorship, training, and hands-on experience in advanced laboratory analysis and planning and execution of field research. They will complete their studies with a publication record, a strong network of contacts, and the advanced knowledge and technical and professional skills that are essential for successful careers in academia and that are in demand by private sector employers.