Prehispanic State Formation in the Lupaqa Area, Peru

在国家科学基金会的支持下，查尔斯·斯坦尼什博士将在秘鲁南部的喀喀湖盆地进行考古调查工作。这项研究的重点是卢帕卡人，一个保存到早期历史时代的史前群体，西班牙编年史中对其进行了描述。卢帕卡由一个独特的、空间有限的区域群体组成，尽管它被连续的提瓦纳库和印加帝国征服并并入，但它仍然保持着自己的身份。根据他之前在该地区的工作，斯坦尼什博士将进行一次表面调查。他将定位和绘制卢帕卡遗址的地图，并根据找回的地表材料，将这些地点分配到适当的时间段。地表遗迹的范围和结构的性质将允许对遗址的组织和功能进行大量的推断。考古学家希望了解像帝国这样的大型复杂实体是如何扩大并保持对研究对象人口的控制的。对于直接使用武力的程度以及不仅用来建立而且用来维持权力的战略，各方存在很大分歧。因为卢帕卡人构成了这样一个“边缘”群体，而且因为他们连续并入了两个这样的王国，所以他们提供了一个很好的背景来研究这一问题。这项研究之所以重要，有几个原因。塑造安第斯史前历史的基本力量在今天的世界上是显而易见的。许多国家，如苏联和埃塞俄比亚，由不同的民族组成，在强大的中央统治下聚集在一起。像Lupaqa这样的考古案例使人们能够研究中央和区域力量在很长一段时间内的相互作用。

With National Science Foundation support, Dr. Charles Stanish will conduct archeological survey work in the Lake Titicaca Basin of Southern Peru. The research focuses on the Lupaqa, a prehistoric group which survived into early historic times and was described in Spanish chronicles. The Lupaqa consist of a distinct, spatially limited, regional group which maintained its identity although it was conquered by and incorporated into successive Tiwanaku and Inca empires. Based on his prior work in the region, Dr. Stanish will conduct a surface survey. He will locate and map Lupaqa sites, and on the basis of surface materials recovered, assign these to appropriate time periods. The nature of the extent and configuration of surface remains will permit a good deal of inference about site organization and function. Archaeologists wish to understand how large complex entities such as empires expand and maintain their control over subject populations. There is much disagreement about the extent to which direct force of arms is involved and the strategies used not only to establish but also to maintain power. Because the Lupaqa constitute such a "marginal" group and because they were consecutively incorporated into two such kingdoms they provide an excellent context in which to examine this issue. The research is important for several reasons. The basic forces which shaped Andean prehistory are evident in the world today. Many countries such as the Soviet Union and Ethiopia consist of diverse ethnic groups brought together under a strong central rule. An archaeological case such as the Lupaqa permits one to examine the interplay of central and regional forces over a long period of time.