SLC Center: Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center: Studying Robust Learning with Learning Experiments in Real Classrooms

匹兹堡学习科学中心(PSLC)解决了学习研究中普遍存在的一个问题--从实验室到课堂，从一个研究和开发环境到另一个，或者从一个内容领域到另一个领域，几乎没有研究成果幸存下来。学习研究不乏严谨的实验室结果和相关原则，也不乏现实的课堂设计实验和相关的课程创新，但始终缺乏既严谨又现实的实验结果。PSLC有两个关键目标：(1)建立活体学习实验的新范式，产生在真实课堂环境中通过实验室质量方法进行严格实验的结果；(2)专注于稳健学习的研究，即长期保持的学习，转移到新情景，并加速未来学习的研究。PSLC研究人员将在这一新范式下追求结果，这些结果由但不限于以下研究集群指导：1.共同培训。学生何时、如何和为什么使用多种输入、表征或策略，通过提供一种超越教师和同伴反馈支持的自我监督学习的途径来促进学习？2.对话。课堂上的谈话和辅导对话，无论是通过人还是计算机，何时、如何和为什么能促进稳健的学习？3.精炼。学习者如何确定环境中的线索、他们的行为和期望的知识之间的因果联系？教学支持和反馈如何帮助学习者建立这种联系？4.流利性。更孤立的知识部分学习如何在更大的真实表现中与学习相互作用，教学如何支持这种互动以产生更流畅和更稳健的学习？为了摊销想要进行活体实验的个别研究人员所需的苛刻设置成本，PSLC将开发LearnLab，这是一个面向学习科学家的国际资源，它结合了课堂试验台、先进技术和一个巨大的、详细的学习者互动数据库。特别是，LearnLab试验台将包括七门高度工具化的课程，并通过智能教学系统进行增强：代数、几何、物理、化学、法语、汉语和英语作为第二语言。这些课程将主持活体实验。PSLC将发展促进这类实验所需的社会和技术基础设施。PSLC活动将涉及教育和多样性目标以及研究目标。LearnLab要求并提供对学习科学家的博士后和博士后培训，以利用这一新范式。LearnLab还将通过在当前和未来的心理学家、统计学家、心理测量学家、计算机科学家、工程师和教学设计师之间建立广泛的合作来丰富科学基础设施。显示出显著学习收益的实验操作将被纳入LearnLab学校，这些学校覆盖了不同的人群，并最终推广到许多其他学校。PSLC的多样性计划包括一些活动，这些活动将增加从高中到中心领导人的不同学习者和学习科学家的渠道。

The Pittsburgh Science of Learning Center (PSLC) addresses a pervasive problem in learning research -- that few if any research results survive the transition from the laboratory to the classroom, from one research and development setting to another, or from one content domain to the next. Learning research has no shortage of rigorous laboratory results and associated principles, or of realistic classroom design experiments and associated course innovations, but there is a persistent shortage of experimental results that are both rigorous and realistic. The PSLC has two key goals: (1) to establish a new paradigm of in vivo learning experimention, to produce results that survive rigorous experimentation with laboratory-quality methods in real classroom settings; and (2) to focus research on robust learning, that is, learning that is retained over long durations, transfers to novel situations, and accelerates future learning. PSLC researchers will pursue results within this new paradigm that are guided by, but not limited to, the following research clusters:1. Co-training. When, how, and why do students' use of multiple inputs, representations or strategies facilitate learning by providing an avenue for self-supervised learning that goes beyond learning supported by teacher and peer feedback?2. Dialogue. When, how, and why does classroom talk and tutorial dialog, whether by human or computer, promote robust learning?3. Refinement. How do learners determine the causal connections between cues in the environment, their actions, and desired knowledge and how can instructional support and feedback facilitate learners in making such connections?4. Fluency. How does more isolated learning of knowledge components interact with learning within larger authentic performances and how can instruction support such interactions to yield more fluent and robust learning?To amortize the demanding set up costs required of individual researchers who want to perform in vivo experimentation, PSLC will develop LearnLab, an international resource for learning scientists that combines classroom testbeds, advanced technology, and a vast, detailed database of learner interactions. In particular, the LearnLab testbed will include seven highly instrumented courses enhanced with intelligent tutoring systems: Algebra, Geometry, Physics, Chemistry, French, Chinese and English as a second language. These courses will host the in vivo experimentation. PSLC will develop the social and technological infrastructure necessary to facilitate such experimentation.PSLC activities will address education and diversity goals as well as research goals. LearnLab both requires and affords pre-doctoral and post-doctoral training of learning scientists to take advantage of this new paradigm. LearnLab will also enrich the scientific infrastructure by establishing extensive collaborations among current and future psychologists, statisticians, psychometricians, computer scientists, engineers, and instructional designers. Experimental manipulations that demonstrate substantial learning gains will be incorporated in LearnLab schools that reach diverse populations and eventually to many other schools. The PSLC diversity plan includes activities that will increase the pipeline of diverse learners and learning scientists from the high school level to center leaders.