Researches in Formation of Urban Temperature

形成城市温度有几个因素。本文首先探讨了如何利用气象资料估算城市气温。利用气象资料和人类学热资料对某城市气温进行了统计预报。此外，还根据实地测量和气象资料对城市效应进行了分析。其次，研究了植被的感热和潜热传递特性。本研究主要基于数值分析。研究了植被内部的湍流和辐射传输模式。这些模型构成了植被内部的热水收支模型，是研究植被传热特性所必需的。第三，研究了直接影响城市温度形成的地表换热特性。在现场实测的基础上，对屋顶、墙面和地面的传热进行了分析。此外，采用实测和数值分析方法对城市峡谷内的传热进行了研究。通过上述研究，得出了以下结论：日本主要城市的气温由于人类学热而上升的预测成为可能。了解了城市表面传热的一个特性。提出了一种适用于数值分析的植被换热模型。我们对影响城市地区温度上升的城市效应有了更深入的了解。

There are several factors forming an urban temperature. In this research, firstly it was investigated how an urban air temperature was estimated based on meteorological data. An urban air temperature was forecasted statistically using meteorological data and data of anthropological heat. In addition, an analysis on an urban effect was performed based on field measurements and meteorological data. Secondly, a characteristic of sensible and latent heat transfer through vegetation was researched. This research was mainly based on a numerical analysis. Models of turbulence and radiation transfer within vegetation were investigated. These models constitute a heat and water budget model within vegetation which is necessary to a research of a heat transfer characteristic through vegetation. Thirdly, a heat transfer characteristic on an urban surface was researched which affects directly an urban temperature formation. Heat transfers on roof top, wall surface and ground were analyzed based on a field measurement. Besides, a heat transfer within an urban canyon was investigated using a field measurement and a numerical analysis.The following was revealed through the above mentioned researches : It became possible to forecast rises due to anthropological heat of air temperatures of major cites in Japan. A characteristic of a heat transfer on an urban surface was understood. A vegetation heat transfer model effective to a numerical analysis was presented. Our understanding became deeper concerning an urban effect which affects a temperature rise in an urban area.