A practical Study on the Process of Learning and the Interactive Learning in Science Education

本研究旨在通过科学教育中的学生小组活动，了解学生在观察实验中学习的发展和过程。我们采用分类系统，不仅分析了学生的交流过程和学习活动，而且还分析了他们的转换过程。1)记录观察和实验中的活动和制定协议：为了开发上述模型，我们在两所实验中学和两所公立学校用视频设备拍摄了观察和实验活动，并利用这些记录的数据制定了语言和非语言活动的协议。2)课堂不匹配：使用视频记录和协议，发现的问题本质上是教师的意图或期望与学生的实际认知之间的不匹配或不一致。3)范畴分析的发展：基于交流过程可以被认为是学生之间的相互作用的思想，我们开发并检验了范畴。基于观察和实验中的学习活动可以被认为是操作上的问题和答案等思维的结果的假设，根据观察和实验的内容，发展了言语交际分析和非言语交际分析等范畴。利用微型计算机开发了基于上述类别的分类数据分析系统。4)观察与实验小组讨论模型的开发：在对上述类别进行分类的基础上，根据学生之间的问答关系，建立了学习活动的基本结构和学生决策结构模型的框架。小组讨论过程被描述为时间序列。

This study aims at making clear the development and process of learning in the observation and experiment by students' group work in science education. Adopting category system, we analyzing not only the communication process of students and the learning activities but also their transition process.1) Recording the activities in the Observation and Experiment and Development of Protocols : For the purpose of developing the above-mentioned model, observation and experiment activities we shot with video facilities both at two experimental secondary schools and at two public schools, and with the use of these recorded data a protocol for verbal and non-verbal activities has been developed.2) Mismatches in the Classroom : Using the video record and the protocol, we found out problems which essentially refer to mismatches or discrepancies between the teachers' intention or expectation and his actual students' perceptions.3) Development of Categories of Analysis : Based on an idea that communication process can be thought as interaction between students themselves, categories have been developed and examined. On the hypothesis that learning activities in the observation and experiment can be thought as the result of thinking such as question and answer on the operation, and on the contents of the observation and experiment, categories such as verbal and non-verbal communication analysis have been developed. Categorical data analysis system based on categories above-mentioned has been developed with the use of microcomputer.4) Development of a Model for Group Discussion in the Observation and Experiment : Based on the classification of the categories above-mentioned, both a basic structure of learning activities and a framework of the structural model for student's decision making have been developed with the question-answer relationship among students. Group discussion process is described as time-series.