The Reitia-sanctuary from Este (Pd)

包括其微型形式在内的还愿仪式，有六千多个样本，构成了埃斯特雷蒂亚圣所还愿清单中最大的一组。早在1888年，G. Ghirardini概述了一小部分大型青铜Stili;这份出版物构成了考古专家讨论的基础，直到今天。直到“Reitia项目”，stili才被完全修订和编目。短剑的基本形态是一个带有一到三个穿孔的调色板状头部和环，环上悬挂着装饰板，以及一个带有圆形顶点的矩形轴。轴的四个侧面带有几何图案和一排排威尼斯字母的装饰，主要是装饰性的。可以看出，在某些情况下，出于未知的原因，故意创造了一定数量的字符，在其他情况下，这只是一个虚拟填充的问题。现存的许愿铭文被认为是次要的现象，从一开始就没有与许愿柱一起设计。以前，由铁制成的大型还愿祭坛的代表性远低于青铜。这幅图已经发生了根本性的变化;今天我们至少可以假设相同的数量，它们在形式和位置上与青铜蒸馏器相对应。小型的祭坛和大型的祭坛一样，有着带孔和吊环的平头，在形态上与大型祭坛相似。由于大型的献祭祭坛和它们的微型形式既不在坟墓中也不在定居点中发现，它们的年代至今在公元前5世纪至公元前1世纪之间波动，具有很大的不确定性。其中，大的stili和它们的微型形式都来自公元前2世纪和1世纪的遗迹。在24个stili上发现的奉献铭文从发现的那一刻起就成为语言讨论的重要组成部分。所有的许愿碑文上的名字都提到一个女人是捐赠者。要把这些妇女看作威尼斯社会的社会精英成员，我们必须有很大的保留，因为我们不知道雷蒂亚圣所里的仪式团体是如何组成的。雷蒂亚圣所里的文字用途非常广泛，现在又增加了数百个青铜点，这些点以前在许愿清单上是不为人知的。它们不仅可以用来刮蜡片，还可以用来用墨水书写。还愿用的笔和它们的微型形式不可能是亵渎的书写笔（stili scrittori），它们的头部形状排除了它们被用作年钉（clavus annalis）;同样适用于可能用作发夹的用途。

The votive stili, including their miniature forms, with more than six thousand exemplars, form the largest group in the votive inventory of the Reitia sanctuary of Este. As early as 1888, G. Ghirardini gave an overview of a small selection of large bronze stili; this publication formed the basis for the archaeological expert discussion until today. Not until the "Reitia Project" the stili were completely revised and catalogued. The basic form of a stilus has a palette-shaped head with one to three perforations and rings with ornamental plates suspended in them, and a rectangular shaft with a rounded peak. The four sides of the shafts bear decorations with geometric patterns and rows of letters of the Venetian alphabet, which are mainly ornamental in character. It can be seen that in some cases, for unknown reasons, a certain number of characters were deliberately created, in other cases it was only a matter of ornamentally filling the sides. The existing votive inscriptions are to be regarded as secondary phenomena, which were not in a design context with the votive stili from the outset. Large votive stili made of iron were previously much less represented than bronze examples. This picture has changed fundamentally; today we can assume at least the same number, which correspond to the bronze stili in their forms and ornamentation. The miniature stili have the same flat heads with holes and suspended rings as the large stili and are morphologically comparable to the large stili.Since the large votive stili and their miniature forms are found neither in graves nor in settlements, their dating has so far fluctuated with great uncertainty between the 5th -1st centuries B.C. The only evidence for dating is now, however, the stratigraphy of the Reitia sanctuary, in which both, the large stili and their miniature forms, come exclusively from remains of the 2nd and 1st centuries B.C.The consecration inscriptions found on 24 stili were an important part of the linguistic discussion from the moment they were discovered. All the names in the votive inscriptions mention a woman as the donor. To see these women as members of a social elite of Venetian society is only possible with great reservations, because we do not know how the ritual communities in the Reitia sanctuary were configured.The great variety of uses of writing in the Reitia sanctuary is now further expanded by hundreds of bronze sheet points, which were previously unknown from the votive inventory. Not only could they be used to scratch wax tablets, but they could also be used to write with ink.The votive stili and their miniature forms cannot have been profane writing pens (stili scrittori), and their head shape excludes them from being used as year nails (clavus annalis); the same applies to a possible use as hairpins.