Integrative functions of recognition, emotion, memory, and behavior in the limbic system

1.边缘系统情绪的神经机制：在辨别有无奖赏厌恶的条件性感觉刺激时，记录了大鼠扣带回前部(AC)、杏仁核(AM)和丘脑后部(PT)的神经元活动。在AC中，差异条件刺激相关神经元主要位于AC的吻部和腹侧部。其他AC神经元主要在ICSS和/或摄取蔗糖(摄取/ICSS相关神经元)时作出反应，并位于AC的更后部。在AM中，大多数神经元具有多模式反应，并且对条件刺激具有差异性。这些AM神经元主要位于AM的基底外侧核。非初级丘脑(PT)神经元表现出两种类型的反应：早期相反应依赖于感觉通道，晚期反应逐渐增加，并在奖赏发放前达到峰值。结果表明，单一的TH…结果：1.更多的杏仁核神经元能够在早期反应中编码感觉刺激的获得性意义(回溯性编码)，并在晚期反应中预测即将到来的奖赏价值(前瞻性编码)。动物在实验场自由航行以获得奖赏时，记录到猴、大鼠和小鼠的外侧隔核、海马结构(HP)和伏隔核(NAC)的神经元活动。结果表明：1)外侧隔核参与空间、惯性感觉和奖赏的整合；2)虽然高频和NAC的活动与空间参数有关，但NAC神经元更有可能对奖赏作出反应，而HF神经元的放电与空间参数关系更为密切；3)部分HF神经元在实验场的特定区域表现出活动增加的任务依赖型位置场，以及任务依赖性的交叉相关。面孔识别的神经机制在猴额叶上沟(STS)前部记录到80多个面孔反应神经元。结果表明：1)许多面孔反应神经元不仅调谐到正视和侧视，而且还调谐到45度(或3/4)视角；2)一些45度最佳的神经元对相反的45度视角表现出镜像反应；3)45度最佳的反应常常被眼神接触所协同增强。这些结果表明，面部和凝视方向在前部STs的神经元反应中存在交互作用。边缘系统的分子和遗传基础1)D2受体基因敲除(D2R-KO)的小鼠表现出更多的焦虑和迟钝的昼夜节律，运动活动减少，获得地点学习任务的速度变慢。2)D2R-KO消除了奖赏前的预期反应，增加了NAC神经元的位置相关活动，提示NAC D2R参与了对特定类型神经元对激励偶发事件的反应的编码，并部分参与了空间学习。3)ACh和加压素类似物可改善海马区损伤大鼠的学习障碍。较少

1.Neural mechanisms of emotion in the limbic systemNeuronal activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (AC), amygdala (AM), and posterior thalamus (PT) of rats was recorded during discrimination of conditioned sensory stimuli associated with and without reward aiid aversion. In the AC, differential conditioned stimulus-related neurons were located mainly in the rostral and ventral part of the AC. The other AC neurons responded mainly during ICSS and/or ingestion of sucrose (ingestion/ICSS-related neurons), and were located in a more posterior part of the AC. In the AM, most neurons had multimodal responsiveness, and were differential to the conditioned stimuli. These AM neurons were located mainly in the basolateral nucleus of the AM. The PT (nonprimary thalamic) neurons displayed 2 types of responses; the early phasic responses dependent on the sensory modality, and the late responses that gradually increased, and peaked just prior to reward delivery. The results suggest that single th … More alamic neurons can code for the acquired significance of sensory stimuli in the early responses (retrospective coding) and predict upcoming reward value in the late responses (prospective coding).2. Neural mechanisms of spatial navigationNneuronal activity was recorded from the lateral septal nuclei, hippocampal formation (HP), and nucleus of accumbens (NAC) of monkeys, rats, and mice while animals freely navigated in the experimental field to acquire reward. The results suggest that; 1) the lateral septal nuclei are involved in integration of space, inertial sensation and reward, 2) although activity in both the HF and NAC was correlated with spatial parameters, the NAC neurons were more likely to respond to reward, while the firing of the HF neurons was more closely tied to spatial parameters, 3) some pairs of HF neurons displayed task-dependent place fields where activity increased in specific area in the experimental field, and task-dependent cross-correlation.3. Neural mechanisms of recognition of a faceMore than 80 faces-responsive neurons were recorded from the anterior part of the monkey superior temporal sulcus (STS). The results show that; 1) many face-responsive neurons were tuned to 45-degree (or 3/4) views not only to frontal views and profiles, 2) some of the 45-degree-optimal neurons showed mirror-image response to the opposite 45-degree view, 3) 45-degree-optimal response were often synergistically enhanced by eye-contact gaze. The results suggest interactions of face and gaze directions in the neuronal responses of the anterior STS.4. Molecular and genetic bases of the limbic system1) D2 receptor knockout (D2R-KO) mice displayed increased anxiety and blunted circadian rhythms as well as reduced locomotor activity and slower acquisition of a place learning task. 2) D2R-KO eliminated the pre-reward anticipatory responses, and increased number of place-related activity of the NAC neurons, suggesting that the NAC D2R participates in coding for a specific type of neuronal response to incentive contingencies and partly in spatial learning. 3) ACh and vasopressin analogs ameliorated learning deficits of rats with hippocampal lesions. Less