Sustainable Food Production and Environmental Preservation by Nitrogen-Fixing Symbionts in Southeast Asia

为了实现东南亚的可持续粮食生产和环境保护，我们在那里进行了调查/研究，重点研究了豆科植物的共生系统、根瘤菌和菌根。我们还与来自大阪大学、东北大学、东京大学、广岛大学、鹿儿岛大学、香川大学、大阪府大学和新泻大学等八所日本大学的专家以及来自泰国、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、菲律宾和越南的主要科学家举行了年度项目会议（菲律宾/2001年、马来西亚/2002年、越南/2003年和印度尼西亚/2004年）。在每次会议上，我们向东南亚国家的科学家/学生开放研讨会，介绍我们的实地和实验室研究数据，出席人数为35至70人。在这个为期4年的项目中，我们的主要发现包括：a)从泰国、菲律宾和印度尼西亚土壤中分离出的耐酸碱根瘤菌可以用于东南亚酸性土壤的豆类生产；大豆，花生，还有薯片，更多的豆子。接种固氮根瘤菌可显著提高大豆产量。现在，接种的根瘤菌以低价出售和/或免费提供给上述国家的农民。b)在马来西亚、菲律宾和越南土壤中分离出刺激植物生长的微生物。这些微生物，包括溶解磷酸盐的细菌、固氮微生物、蓝藻和azospriillum，提高了作物产量、水果产量和种子中的蛋白质含量。c)在泰国，过去10年发生了10%以上的森林砍伐；这也是其他东南亚国家面临的严重问题。再造林时，在根际分离出固氮根瘤菌和菌根。这些分离株促进了营养贫乏土壤中豆科/非豆科树木的生长，目前正用于印度尼西亚和泰国森林的苗圃阶段。d)日本研究组从禾本科植物中分离出重氮营养内生菌，并研究了它们的定殖和固氮作用。这些细菌对氮源的供应做出了重大贡献，使水稻生产无需化肥。少

For sustainable food production and environmental preservation in Southeast Asia, we surveyed/researched fields there, focusing on symbiotic systems of leguminous plants, their rhizobia, and mycorrhiza. We also conducted yearly project meetings, (Philippines/2001, Malaysia/2002, Vietnam/2003, and Indonesia/2004) with specialists from eight Japanese universities including Osaka U., Tohoku U., U. of Tokyo, Hiroshima U., Kagosima U., Kagawa U., Osaka Prefecture U., and Niigata U., and leading scientists from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam ;. At each meeting, we presented our field and laboratory research data in seminars opened to scientists/students in Southeast Asian countries, with 35 to 70 persons in attendance.Our major findings for this 4 year project include :a)Acid-and salt-tolerant rhizobia isolated in Thailand, the Philippines, and Indonesian soils can be utilized for bean production in the acidic soils of Southeast Asia ; soybeans, peanuts, and snap … More beans. Inoculation of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia increased bean yield significantly. Now, inoculated rhizobia are sold at low cost and/or supplied free to farmers in the above countries.b)Microorganisms stimulating plant growth were isolated in Malaysia, the Philippines, and Vietnam soils. These microorganisms, including phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, nitrogen-fixing microorganisms, cyanobacteria, and Azospririllum, increased crop yields, fruit production, and the protein content in seeds.c)In Thailand, more than 10% deforestation occurred in the past 10 years ; a serious problem for other Southeast Asian countries too. For reforestation, nitrogen-fixing rhizobia and mycorrhiza were isolated in the rhizosphere. These isolates stimulated growth in leguminous/non-leguminous trees in nutrient poor soil, and are now being used at the nursery stage for forests in Indonesia and Thailand.d)A Japanese group isolated diazotrophic endophytes from gramineous plants and investigated their colonization and nitrogen fixation. These bacteria made significant contributions to the supply of nitrogen sources, allowing for rice production without chemical fertilizers. Less