ENHANCING OPENNESS AND EXPLAINING SECRECY: POLICY LESSONS FROM THE DECLASSIFICATION AND MANAGEMENT OF US INTELLIGENCE AND SECURITY RECORDS

这一拟议的解密后续供资项目将通过提炼和传播澳大利亚人权委员会“秘密景观”项目期间吸取的政策教训，产生额外的影响。它将概述政府与广大用户在解密领域接触方面的最佳做法问题。涵盖的主题将包括信息自由制度、网上出版供公众查阅的文件、选择保存的文件、审查前官员的拟议回忆录、官方历史、政府对文化生产项目的援助和新闻联络。在我们正在进行的项目“秘密景观”的原始说明书中，我们解释说，自1947年以来，美国所谓的“秘密”间谍活动和秘密行动实际上享有独特的高知名度。这部分是因为华盛顿喜欢“秘密”干预，而这种干预实际上是不可能在公众面前隐藏起来的（例如猪湾事件）。美国宪法第一修正案的法律的含义也保证了记者在报道有关情报界的故事时几乎完全享有豁免权。因此，五十多年来，美国政体努力平衡公开和保密。对决策者来说，与安全和情报事项有关的信息解密是一个特别具有挑战性的领域。在整个欧洲，20世纪90年代出现的新的情报和安全法律的框架在问责制和公众理解方面赋予了政府更大的责任。公众不断施加压力，要求解密与情报和安全机构有关的历史记录。但与此同时，安全问题，特别是跨国威胁的负担越来越重，国家保密受到了更大的重视。我们当前项目的产出性质赋予了学术和公众理解的特权。例如，主要产出将是四本专著，分别涉及：㈠解密; ㈡回忆录; ㈢派别; ㈣媒体。通过网络活动和旨在吸引公众参与和学术活动的大型会议，公众的理解被优先考虑。还通过报刊文章和播客向更广泛的受众宣传。我们现在希望与第三部门一起，针对英国和欧洲的政府开展具体的“吸取教训”活动。在拟议的后续项目中，这将通过六种不同类型的实质性活动来实现（见上文“目标”）。拟议的后续供资项目以四种方式促进澳大利亚人权委员会和英国皇家联合会的广泛优先事项：它通过培训新的研究人员对从业者参与的案例研究来探索“影响途径”。2.它吸取了过去的经验教训，探讨公共生活中的透明度和信任问题。3.通过其在日内瓦和海牙的伙伴和协作者，它与我们的欧洲邻国在政府中进行接触。4.最重要的是，它有助于在全球不确定性的背景下提供安全的部门基于证据的决策。(Arts和人文研究理事会交付计划2011-2015年，第8，11，14页。注意：我们的申请与原奖项中已经讨论过的影响活动无关。还请注意，我们意识到，对情报和安全机构的研究，即使是在历史背景下，有时也会引起道德问题。这项提案和主要项目都专注于解密和公众参与，正是因为这些问题是“非秘密”的，因此相对惰性。部分由于这个原因，我们得到了机构的热情支持和合作。

This proposed follow-on-funding project on declassification will provide additional impact by distilling and disseminating the policy lessons learned during the AHRC's "Landscapes of Secrecy" project. It will outline issues of best practice in terms of engagement between government and a wide range of users in the realm of declassification. The themes covered will include Freedom of Information regimes, web publication of documents for public access, selection of documents for preservation, reviewing of proposed memoirs by former officials, official histories, government assistance to projects of cultural production and press liaison. In the original specification for our ongoing project, "Landscapes of Secrecy", which is now in its final year, we explained that since 1947, American so-called 'secret' espionage and covert operations have in fact enjoyed a uniquely high profile. This is partly because of Washington's taste for 'covert' interventions that were in practice impossible to keep hidden from public view (for example the Bay of Pigs fiasco). The legal implications of the First Amendment of the US Constitution also assured journalists almost complete immunity when breaking stories about the intelligence community. Accordingly, over fifty years, the American polity struggled to balance openness and secrecy. Declassification of information relating to security and intelligence matters is an especially challenging area for policy-makers. Across Europe, new legal frameworks for intelligence and security that arrived in the 1990s have placed a stronger duty on government in terms of both accountability and public understanding. There is constant public pressure for declassification of historical records relating to the intelligence and security agencies. Yet at the same time, the growing burden of security issues, especially transnational threats, has placed a greater premium on state secrecy. The nature of the output from our current project privileges academic and public understanding. For example, the main output will take the form of four monographs dealing with, respectively: (i) declassification, (ii) memoirs, (iii) faction and (iv) the media. Public understanding has been prioritised through web-activity and a large conference which is designed to attract public participation as well as academic activity. Wider audiences are also being addressed through press articles and pod-casting. We now wish to develop specific "lessons learned" activity directed at government in the UK and Europe, together with the Third Sector. In the proposed follow-on project this will be realised through six different types of substantive activity (see 'Objectives' above). The proposed follow-on-funding project contributes to broad AHRC and RCUK priorities in four ways: 1. It explores 'pathways to impact' by training new researchers on case studies of practitioner engagement. 2. It draws out the lessons of the past to explore issues of transparency and trust in public life. 3. Through its partners and collaborators in Geneva and The Hague it engages with our European neighbours in government. 4. Most importantly, it contributes to evidence based policy-making for departments delivering security in the context of global uncertainty. (Arts & Humanities Research Council Delivery Plan 2011-2015, pp.8, 11, 14.) NB: Our application does not relate to impact activities that were already discussed within the original award. Please also note that we are aware that research on intelligence and security agencies, even in a historical context, can sometimes raise ethical issues. Both this proposal and the main project are focused on declassification and public engagement precisely because these issues are 'unsecret' and therefore relatively inert. Partly for this reason we have received enthusiastic support and offers of collaboration from the agencies.