TRAFFIC POLLUTION AND HEALTH IN LONDON

虽然人们已经认识到，汽车尾气和其他交通相关污染物中的小颗粒物会造成一系列健康影响，但英国和欧洲的政策并没有直接针对这些问题。车辆和环境空气本身的排放是根据总颗粒物进行监管的，没有针对某一种成分的具体目标。虽然这显然是谨慎的，因为它可能会推动所有类型的颗粒物的减少，但它也是低效的，因为某些颗粒物(或颗粒物成分)可能比其他颗粒物毒性更大。该项目旨在阐明伦敦污染组合中更有毒的成分，特别是交通产生的颗粒物。如果成功，这将为监管车辆排放和环境空气质量提供更有针对性和更有效的政策进程。除了监管车辆排放和环境空气，政策制定者--尤其是地方和地区政府层面的决策者--可以通过交通管理和更广泛的规划决策来影响空气污染影响。在这里，该项目将提供关于空间和时间暴露及其与空气质量不利影响的关系的更好信息。这一动态暴露信息将是评估伦敦更有针对性的交通和基础设施规划和管理的范围的重要一步，英国其他地区也可能应用。尽管有大量文献证实交通污染对健康的影响，但仍有很大差距。有非常有力的证据表明，暴露在交通污染中会导致儿童哮喘加重，并有相当有力的证据表明，它可能会导致其他健康影响，包括儿童哮喘的发病、非哮喘的呼吸道症状、肺功能受损、总死亡率和心血管死亡率以及心血管疾病发病率。在这个项目中，我们将进行一些新的调查，以考察长期暴露于交通污染与健康之间的关系。这些研究将包括对怀孕母亲的研究，一直到老年人。这些创新研究将包括很少可用于空气污染影响调查的健康结果(例如，初级保健数据、儿童心血管风险因素)。使用伦敦政策中常规使用的精细空间尺度上的暴露指标，将使暴露反应关系能够用于量化健康影响方面的政策选择。此外，这将使我们能够评估与交通相关的空气污染暴露趋势对健康的影响，最具体地说是伦敦低排放区(LEZ)。

While it has been recognised for some time that small particles from vehicle exhausts and other traffic related pollutants cause a range of health effects, policy within the UK and Europe has not directly targeted these. Emissions from vehicles and ambient air itself are regulated in terms of total particles, with no specific targeting of one component or another. While this is clearly prudent in that it potentially drives reductions in all types of particles, it is also inefficient as it is likely that some particles (or particle components) are more toxic than others. This project seeks to elucidate the more toxic components of the pollution mix in London, with particular emphasis on traffic generated particles. If successful this will inform a more focussed and more efficient policy process for regulating vehicle emissions and ambient air quality. As well as regulating vehicle emissions and ambient air, policy makers - particularly at local and regional government level-can influence air pollution impacts through traffic management and wider planning decisions. Here the project will provide better information on spatial and temporal exposures and their relation to adverse impacts of air quality. This dynamic exposure information will be a major step forward in assessing the scope for more focussed traffic and infrastructure planning and management in London, with possible applications elsewhere in the UK. Even though there is a substantial literature confirming the impact of traffic pollution on health there are still substantial gaps. There is very strong evidence that exposure to traffic pollution causes asthma exacerbations in children and reasonably strong evidence that it may cause other health effects including the onset of childhood asthma, non asthma respiratory symptoms, impaired lung function, total and cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular morbidity. In this project we will undertake a number of new investigations to examine the relationship between chronic exposure to traffic pollution and health. These will include studies of mothers in pregnancy right through to senior citizens. These innovative studies will include health outcomes rarely if ever available for investigation of air pollution effects (e.g. primary care data, child cardiovascular risk factors). The use of exposure metrics on a fine spatial scale that are in routine use for policy in London will enable exposure response relationships to be used for quantifying policy options in terms of health impact. Further this will enable us to evaluate the health impact of trends in exposure to traffic related air pollution, most specifically the Low Emission Zone for London (LEZ).