Parental Involvement, Extra-Familial Contexts and Prevention of Drug Use Risk.

描述（由申请人提供）：父母参与已被证明是儿童行为问题（CP）和儿童和青少年吸毒风险的有力预测因子，但相对而言，很少有人关注父母参与在过渡到学龄期间儿童问题行为的作用，当儿童在学校、托儿所后环境和社区中花费更多时间时。与此同时，随着儿童从学龄前过渡到学龄，有证据表明，学校的质量和组织、课后护理和社区在儿童CP和吸毒风险的出现中起着越来越重要的作用。具体来说，我们将讨论：1)学校环境、课后照料和社区的质量在多大程度上与学龄早期CP的出现有关；2)幼儿和学龄前时期的父母参与如何与早期学龄期家庭外环境中的父母参与和监测相关联；3)家庭外因素对儿童CP的影响在父母参与学校、课后照料和社区活动中的调节作用；4)父母干预是否可以增加父母在学校、课后护理和社区环境中的参与，并降低儿童随后CP的风险。这些问题将通过来自城市、郊区和农村地区的731名不同种族儿童的现有样本进行测试。由于研究中所有家庭的招募都是基于社会人口统计学、家庭和儿童风险因素的存在，因此儿童队列在显示有临床意义的CP和药物使用风险的持续轨迹方面处于高风险状态。因此，该研究有可能填补家庭外环境与早期CP风险和早期学龄期后期问题行为之间的联系所急需的空白。同样重要的是，该研究可以提供关于参与式养育的潜在调节作用的数据，它对面临多重逆境的家庭的可塑性，以及基于家庭的干预是否可以对面临多重逆境的儿童产生影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Parental involvement has been shown to be a robust predictor of child conduct problems (CP) and drug use risk in childhood and adolescence, but relatively little attention has been paid to the role of parental involvement in relation to child problem behavior during the transition to school-age, when children are spending more time in school, after-care settings, and in the neighborhood. Concomitantly, as children transition from preschool to school-age, there is evidence to suggest that the quality and organization of schools, after-school care, and neighborhoods play an increasingly important role in the emergence of children's CP and drug use risk. Specifically, we will address: 1) the extent to which the quality of school environments, after-school care, and neighborhoods are associated with the emergence of CP during the early school-age period; 2) how parental involvement in the toddler and preschool period may be associated with parental involvement and monitoring in extra-familial contexts in the early school-age years; 3) how parental involvement in schools, after-care, and the neighborhood, may moderate relationships between extra-familial factors and children's CP; and 4) whether a parenting intervention can increase parental involvement in school, after-care, and neighborhood contexts and decrease risk of children's subsequent CP. These issues will be tested with an existing sample of 731 ethnically-diverse children from urban, suburban, and rural sites. As all families in the study were recruited based on the presence of socio-demographic, family, and child risk factors, the cohort of children are at high risk for displaying a persistent trajectory of clinically-meaningful CP and drug use risk. Thus, the study has the potential to fill a much-needed void on associations between extra-familial contexts and risk for early-starting CP and later problem behaviors during the early school-age years. Equally critical, the study can provide data on the potential moderating influence of involved parenting, its malleability for families facing multiple adversities, and whether family-based interventions can make a difference for children facing multiple adversities.