The Norwegian Mother And Child Study: Environmental Specimen Collection

挪威母亲和儿童队列研究（MoBa）是一项正在进行的出生前队列研究。 入组于2008年完成，研究中有106，980例妊娠。这项研究是基于母亲和父亲完成的问卷调查，并从母亲，父亲和孩子身上收集生物标本。这项研究的主要目的是找出疾病的原因。 NIEHS为这项研究提供了部分支持，并在2002年扩大了数据收集方案，包括在怀孕第17周期间从母亲那里收集更多的生物标本（额外的血清，在无微量元素容器中收集的全血标本和尿液）。 这些样本将提高研究环境暴露与儿童及其母亲各种健康结果之间关系的能力。 截至2009年4月30日，77，104例受试者提供了与NIEHS联合采集的血液和尿液。 我们在MoBa方案中增加了一部分女性在妊娠第23周和第29周采集额外尿液标本的内容。 690名妇女有一套完整的三个尿液标本从怀孕。 我们之前发表了一份报告，内容是关于尿液样本采集中使用的防腐剂如何污染了游离双酚A，并且使样本难以分析其他分析物，如有机磷农药代谢物。 这些资料对我们进行规划研究十分有用。 未来的研究寻求定量双酚A将需要测量总的和游离的BPA，以便可以估计共轭BPA。 在与Stephanie Engel博士的合作中，我们确定可以分析样本中的有机磷农药代谢物和邻苯二甲酸酯，我们现在正在与她合作研究这些药物与MoBa儿童注意力缺陷多动障碍的关系。 我们还成功地将尿液用于研究妊娠期间酚类化合物（如对羟基苯甲酸酯）的可靠性。 我们还研究了母亲血浆中全氟烷基物质（PFAS）的浓度与MoBa队列中妇女的各种结局的关系。 今年，我们在正在进行的关于PFAS暴露与儿童生长以及儿童感染的研究方面取得了进展。 我们也正在完成关于口服避孕药的使用和月经模式如何影响这些化合物的血浆浓度的项目。 NIEHS的科学家已经开发了几项嵌套在MoBa中的研究。 目前正在进行的研究包括：脑瘫的风险因素，脐带血中DNA甲基化的决定因素，以及关于全氟化合物暴露和健康各个方面的其他研究。

The Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) is an ongoing prebirth cohort study. Enrollment was completed in 2008 resulting in 106,980 pregnancies in the study. The study is based on questionnaires completed by the mother and father, and biological specimens are collected from the mother, father and child. The main purpose of the study is to find causes of diseases. NIEHS is providing partial support for the study, and in 2002 expanded the data collection protocol to include collection of more biologic specimens from the mothers during the 17th week of pregnancy (additional serum, a specimen of whole blood collected in a trace-element free container, and urine). These specimens will enhance the ability to examine the relation of environmental exposures in relation to various health outcomes in the children and their mothers. As of April 30, 2009, 77,104 subjects had provided blood and urine that was collected in conjunction with NIEHS. We added to the MoBa protocol the collection additional urine specimens in pregnancy, at weeks 23 and 29, for a subset of women. 690 women have a complete set of three urine specimens from pregnancy. We previously published a report about how the preservative used in the collection of the urine specimens contaminated them with free bisphenol A, and also makes the specimens difficult to analyze for other analytes such as organophosphate pesticide metabolites. This information has been useful to us in planning studies. Future studies seeking to quantitate bisphenol A will need to measure total and free BPA, so that conjuated BPA can be estimated. In collaboration with Dr. Stephanie Engel at UNC, we determined that the specimens can be analyzed for organophosphate pesticide metabolites and phthalates, and we are now collaborating with her on studies of these agents in relation to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in MoBa children. We also were successful in using the urines in a study of the reliability of phenolic compounds such as parabens during pregnancy. We also have studied the maternal plasma concentration of perfluoralkyl substances (PFAS) in relation to various outcomes among women in the MoBa cohort. This year we made progress on ongoing studies on PFAS exposure in relation to child growth, and in relation to infections in childhood. We also are completing projects on how use of oral contraceptives and menstrual patterns influence the plasma concentration of these compounds. Scientists at NIEHS have developed several studies that are nested within MoBa. A list of the studies currently ongoing includes: Risk factors for cerebral palsy, Determinants of DNA methylation in cord blood, and additional studies on perfluorinated compound exposure and various aspects of health.