Ecosystem service interactions across landscapes

人类依赖于生态系统服务，如提供食物和淡水、授粉和防洪。人类已经花费了大量的努力来设计生态系统，以廉价和可靠地生产ES，如食物。然而，这些努力往往忽略了这样一个事实，即景观同时产生多个ES，以复杂的，动态的方式相互作用。因此，人类为满足特定的人类需求而改变生态系统，往往导致其他生态系统的意外下降，导致全球粮食和木材等少数服务的增加，但绝大多数生态系统的下降。 为了解决这个关键问题，需要更深入地分析ES相互作用的生物物理基础的空间背景。尽管科学家们已经评估了对环境服务的威胁，计算了它们的价值，绘制了供需图，并评估了环境服务的潜在未来，但我们对环境服务背后的生态学仍然了解甚少。特别是，目前的研究往往忽视景观的空间格局和ES之间的相互作用，而依赖于静态的土地利用和单一的服务之间的关系。 我将进一步了解景观的空间格局之间的相互作用ES的作用，使用南部魁北克的农业区作为案例研究。随着我们获得的知识，我将建立跨农业景观ES相互作用的模型。我还将对十几种服务之间的权衡和协同作用进行有史以来第一次全球性的审查，以了解世界各地的农业管理如何影响非目标环境服务的提供。 我的研究计划旨在帮助改善在人类主导的景观ES的投资组合的管理。我们面临的是粮食生产和其他生态系统的维护之间日益紧张的关系。我的研究将导致更好地了解ES如何相互作用和景观结构在调节其相互作用的作用。如果没有这些信息，我们就只能一次管理一个服务的生态系统，往往会在不知不觉中降低其他服务的质量。

People depend on ecosystem services (ES) such as provision of food and freshwater, pollination, and flood control. Humanity has expended substantial effort to engineer ecosystems to cheaply and reliably produce ES such as food. However, these efforts have often overlooked the fact that landscapes simultaneously produce multiple ES that interact in complex, dynamic ways. Thus, human modification of ecosystems to meet particular human needs has often led to unintended declines in other ES, leading to a global increase in a few services such as food and timber, but a decline in the vast majority of ES. To address this critical issue requires a deeper analysis of the biophysical basis for ES interactions in a spatial context. Although scientists have assessed threats to ES, calculated their value, mapped supply and demand, and assessed the potential future of ES, we still have relatively little understanding of the ecology behind the provision of ES. In particular, current studies tend to disregard both the spatial pattern of landscapes and the interactions among ES, relying instead on static relationships between land use and a single service. I will advance our understanding the role of the spatial pattern of landscapes on the interactions among ES, using the agricultural area of southern Quebec as a case study. With the knowledge we gain, I will build models of ES interactions across agricultural landscapes. I will also undertake the first ever global examination of trade-offs and synergies among a dozen services to understand how agricultural management around the world affects the provision of non-target ES. My research program is designed to help improve management of a portfolio of ES in human-dominated landscapes. We face be a growing tension between food production and maintenance of other ES. My research will lead to a better understanding of how ES interact and the role of landscape structure in modulating their interactions. Without this information, we are limited to managing ecosystems one service at a time, often improving one while unknowingly degrading others.