Ecosystem service interactions across landscapes

人们依赖于生态系统服务，如提供食物和淡水、授粉和防洪。人类已经花费了大量的努力来设计生态系统，以廉价和可靠的方式生产食物等生态系统。然而，这些努力往往忽视了这样一个事实，即景观同时产生了多个以复杂、动态的方式相互作用的景观。因此，人类为满足特定人类需求而修改生态系统，往往会导致其他生态系统的意外减少，导致食品和木材等少数服务的全球增加，但绝大多数生态系统的数量却在下降。要解决这一关键问题，需要更深入地分析ES相互作用在空间方面的生物物理基础。尽管科学家们已经评估了ES面临的威胁，计算了它们的价值，绘制了供需地图，并评估了ES的潜在未来，但我们对ES提供背后的生态仍然知之甚少。特别是，目前的研究倾向于忽视景观的空间格局和E之间的相互作用，而是依赖于土地利用和单一服务之间的静态关系。以魁北克南部农业区为例，加深对景观空间格局对生态系统相互作用的理解。有了我们获得的知识，我将建立跨农业景观的ES相互作用模型。我还将对十几项服务之间的权衡和协同效应进行有史以来第一次全球审查，以了解世界各地的农业管理如何影响非目标ES的提供。我的研究计划旨在帮助改善人类主导景观中的E组合的管理。我们面临着粮食生产和其他ES的维护之间日益紧张的局面。我的研究将有助于更好地理解ES是如何相互作用的，以及景观结构在调节它们相互作用中的作用。如果没有这些信息，我们只能一次管理一个服务的生态系统，经常在不知不觉中改善一项服务，同时降低其他服务的质量。

People depend on ecosystem services (ES) such as provision of food and freshwater, pollination, and flood control. Humanity has expended substantial effort to engineer ecosystems to cheaply and reliably produce ES such as food. However, these efforts have often overlooked the fact that landscapes simultaneously produce multiple ES that interact in complex, dynamic ways. Thus, human modification of ecosystems to meet particular human needs has often led to unintended declines in other ES, leading to a global increase in a few services such as food and timber, but a decline in the vast majority of ES. To address this critical issue requires a deeper analysis of the biophysical basis for ES interactions in a spatial context. Although scientists have assessed threats to ES, calculated their value, mapped supply and demand, and assessed the potential future of ES, we still have relatively little understanding of the ecology behind the provision of ES. In particular, current studies tend to disregard both the spatial pattern of landscapes and the interactions among ES, relying instead on static relationships between land use and a single service. I will advance our understanding the role of the spatial pattern of landscapes on the interactions among ES, using the agricultural area of southern Quebec as a case study. With the knowledge we gain, I will build models of ES interactions across agricultural landscapes. I will also undertake the first ever global examination of trade-offs and synergies among a dozen services to understand how agricultural management around the world affects the provision of non-target ES. My research program is designed to help improve management of a portfolio of ES in human-dominated landscapes. We face be a growing tension between food production and maintenance of other ES. My research will lead to a better understanding of how ES interact and the role of landscape structure in modulating their interactions. Without this information, we are limited to managing ecosystems one service at a time, often improving one while unknowingly degrading others.