Clarification of signal transmission mechanism in mesenchymal cells during spontaneous cartilage regeneration induced by multi-functional synthetic gel

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This study discovered several important phenomena and their molecular mechanisms during chondrogenic differentiation and regeneration of mesenchymal cells induced by the PAMPS/PDMAAm gel or soluble proteins:(1) ATP oscillation, which depends on oscillation of both the mitochondrial respiration and the glycolysis, was induced by calcium ion oscillation. The ATP oscillation does not control cell differentiation but controls cell aggregation and tissue formation via controlling secretion of soluble proteins. (2) Young's modulus of a chondrogenic precursor cell increased to a significantly greater degree during differentiation induced by the gel than during differentiation induced by Insulin. (3) Both the BMP-Smad signaling pathway and the IGF-depending signaling pathway were specifically activated during the differentiation induced by DN gel in comparison with that induced by Insulin. (4) The proteomics analysis showed that the gel has a function as a reservoir of soluble factors.