Development of School Management to Facilitate Autonomy of School and Collaboration with Community and Parents

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The results of this study consisted of three parts. These are 1)analysis of reformation trends of school organization and management, 2)empirical studies of current status and problems in school organization, and 3)developmental studies of school organization (school organization development study). From empirical studies, the following results were found out. These were 1)teachers' isolation ('isolation') increased teachers' difficulties of school teaching, 2)'isolation' suppressed teachers' orientation toward school-level improvement, 3)collaboration with teachers ('collaboration') and control over teachers ('control') decreased the orientation toward school-level improvement, 4)the effects of 'collaboration' were greater than 'control', 5)'collaboration' decreased teachers' difficulties of school teaching, and 6)teachers' positive view of parents' attitudes towards school correlated with 'collaboration'. These results showed problems of increasing 'isolation' and the importance to realize 'collaboration' in schools. School organization development study was aimed at developing methodology to facilitate collaborative decision making in schools. Based on teacher's self-directed improvement process model, collaborative process model in schools was designed. Main components of school organization development program were 1)making organizational efforts to communicate and share the facts of pupils and school teaching, 2)improvement of quality and pattern of teachers' interaction, and 3)making a team to facilitate to collaborative process within schools. The program was carried out in a small-size and a large-size elementary schools. In both cases, as schools accepted and implemented the program, collaboration among teachers was increased. From these results, it was confirmed that the program was effective and useful as methodology of school organization development.