Medieval manuscripts as source evidence for the language situation in England

在英国，法语（盎格鲁-诺曼语）在1066年诺曼征服后成为上层阶级的语言。然而，英语逐渐开始获得力量，13世纪中叶出现了许多英语、法语和拉丁语的三语杂记。这些手稿写于13世纪中叶至14世纪上半叶，对这些手稿的研究清楚地表明，法语是如何超越拉丁语的，然后又开始被英语所取代。

In England French (Anglo-Norman) became a language of the upper class after the Norman Conquest in 1066. English, however, gradually began to gain power and the middle of the thirteenth century saw many trilingual miscellanies in English, French and Latin. Studies on these manuscripts, written from the middle of the thirteenth century to the first half of the fourteenth century, have clearly shown how French came to surpass Latin and then in turn began to besuperseded by English.