The effects of continuing and discontinuing smoking on the renalfunction in middle-aged healthy Japanese men and women

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The aims of the studies are to reveal the effects of smoking on the renal function in Japanese, and to clarify the biological significance of the contradictory high GFR in smokers observed in the previous studies. The associations of smoking with the appearance of proteinuria, the decline of GFR and the development of CKD were observed cross-sectionally and longitudinally in 2,000 workers of a chemical factory and in 7,000 workers who undertook health check-ups. The studies revealed that smoking is a significant factor of the development of CKD, and quitting it reduces the risk. Long observation is required to reveal the fate of high GFR in smokers. Further, serum GGT and blood pressure are remarkably high in smokers having CKD, which may relate to the progression of CDK in smokers.