Neurobehavioral Determinants of Health Risk Behaviors: From Adolescence to Young Adulthood

项目摘要 健康风险行为，如物质使用，在青年时期最为普遍，并可能导致 成瘾因此，关键是要确定因素，有助于在这些健康风险行为的增长， 年轻的成年年轻人健康风险行为的一个关键特征是认知自我控制的延迟或缺陷 的冲动。这是因为大脑的前额叶区域-冲动控制的关键区域-仍然是 在青年期成熟，这是一个发展过渡的关键时期， 社会环境充满了更大的冒险机会。目前的神经生物学模型集中在 大脑的控制和奖励系统之间的发展不平衡，以解释规范的提高 青春期的冒险行为然而，人们对大脑发育的个体差异知之甚少 潜在的风险决策，导致从青春期到年轻的健康风险行为升级 成年本申请建议继续对167名青少年（13/14至16/17岁）进行纵向研究 在整个青年期（18/19至21/22岁），采用密集、重复、多水平数据（包括 神经成像、行为表现以及自我和父母报告）。样本涉及青少年， 研究不足的阿巴拉契亚农村社区有高比率的药物滥用/成瘾，等等 最近发生了阿片类药物/海洛因过量危机。其目的是澄清动态的相互作用， 神经过程的发展轨迹-风险/回报处理（评估系统）和认知 控制（控制系统）-在青春期对健康风险行为产生不同的脆弱性， 年轻的成年核心假设是：（1）估值和控制系统之间的相互作用 评估和控制之间的统计相互作用将显示对健康风险行为的贡献 神经激活以及系统间连接的模式;（2）社会生态背景效应 神经过程的研究将阐明青少年大脑发育可能成为 贫困，并最终导致年轻人的健康行为不佳。具体目标是 研究青春期大脑发育对年轻人健康风险行为的长期前瞻性影响 成年以及健康风险行为对大脑发育的相互影响（目的1），并检查 社会经济逆境的影响（例如，贫困、收入与需求比率低）对健康风险的影响 行为在年轻的成年，部分介导的养育环境（例如，家长自我监管， 适应不良的养育方式），以及青年时期特有的社会经济背景因素（例如， 大学出勤率）预测年轻人的健康风险行为（目标2）。这些发现将产生关键的 深入了解青春期健康风险行为易感性的神经机制， 年轻的成年和上下文对这些机制的影响，有可能告知最佳时机， 开展有针对性的预防工作，以改善有吸毒成瘾风险的青年的发展道路。

PROJECT SUMMARY Health risk behaviors, such as substance use, are most prevalent during young adulthood and can lead to addiction. Thus, it is crucial to identify factors that contribute to growth in these health risk behaviors during young adulthood. A key feature of young adult health risk behaviors is delay or deficit in cognitive self-control of impulses. This is because prefrontal regions of the brain—regions critical to impulse control—are still maturing across young adulthood, a critical period of developmental transition with increasing independence in social contexts imbued with greater risk-taking opportunities. Current neurobiological models focus on developmental imbalance between the brain’s control and reward systems to explain the normative heightened risk taking seen in adolescence. Yet, little is known about individual differences in brain development underlying risky decision-making that leads to escalation of health risk behaviors from adolescence to young adulthood. This application proposes to continue a longitudinal study of 167 adolescents (13/14 to 16/17 years) throughout young adulthood (18/19 to 21/22 years) with intensive, repeated, multiple-level data (including neuroimaging, behavioral performance, and self- and parent report). The sample involves adolescents from understudied Appalachian rural communities that have high rates of substance abuse/addiction, and more recently an opioid/heroin overdose crisis. The objective is to clarify dynamic interactions between developmental trajectories of neural processes—risk/reward processing (valuation system) and cognitive control (control system)—that produce differential vulnerability to health risk behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood. The central hypotheses are: (1) the interplay between valuation and control systems contributing to health risk behaviors will be shown by statistical interactions between valuation and control neural activations as well as patterns of between-system connectivity; and (2) socioecological context effects on neural processes will clarify conditions under which adolescent brain development may become impoverished, and ultimately lead to suboptimal health behavior in young adulthood. The specific aims are to examine long-term prospective effects of brain development in adolescence on health risk behaviors in young adulthood as well as reciprocal effects of health risk behaviors on brain development (Aim 1) and to examine effects of socioeconomic adversity (e.g., scarcity, low income-to-need ratio) in adolescence on health risk behaviors in young adulthood, partially mediated through parenting contexts (e.g., parent self-regulation and maladaptive parenting), with socioeconomic contextual factors that are unique to young adulthood (e.g., college attendance) predicting young adult health risk behaviors (Aim 2). These findings will yield critical insights into the neural mechanisms underlying susceptibility to health risk behaviors in adolescence and young adulthood and contextual influences on these mechanisms, with the potential to inform optimally-timed, targeted prevention efforts to ameliorate developmental pathways of youth who are at risk for drug addiction.