UTILITY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF BOTULINUM TOXIN FOR INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENT DISORDERS

将小剂量的肉毒杆菌毒素直接注射到肌肉中， 并使其失活大约 3个月 这种治疗已被证明是有用的， 斜视和眼睑痉挛，但还没有一个完整的 了解其作用机制。 肉毒杆菌毒素的效用的研究已经在 痉挛性发音困难和书写痉挛（及其变体， 钢琴家的抽筋）。 治疗在两种情况下都有效， 针对痉挛性发音障碍的双盲试验已经开始。 已经进行了作用模式的生理学研究 在痉挛性发音困难、书写痉挛、眼睑痉挛和 面肌痉挛 这些研究表明， 肉毒杆菌毒素是用来削弱痉挛的肌肉。 书写痉挛、眼睑痉挛和眼睑痉挛的肌电图研究 面肌痉挛显示痉挛持续，但肌肉 无效。 未发现其他生理学变化。 在 痉挛性发音困难，有一些生理变化， 包括减少非注射肌肉的痉挛。

Botulinum toxin injected in small doses directly into muscle binds to the neuromuscular junction and inactivates it for approximately 3 months. This treatment has been demonstrated to be useful for strabismus and blepharospasm, but there has not been a complete understanding of its mechanism of action. Studies of utility of botulinum toxin have been carried out in spasmotic dysphonia and writer's cramp (and its varients such as pianist's cramp). Treatment appeared effective in both and a double-blind trial has been started for spasmotic dysphonia. Studies of physiology of the mode of action have been carried out in spasmotic dysphonia, writer's cramp, blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. These studies show that the major effect of botulinum toxin is to weaken the muscle that is in spasm. Electromyogram (EMG) studies in writer's cramp, blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm show that spasms continue, but muscles are ineffective. No other changes in physiology were identified. In spasmotic dysphonia, there were a number of changes in physiology including reduction in spasms in non-injected muscles.