PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT

这个项目的目标是了解更多关于运动的控制 在正常人和具有随意运动障碍的患者中， 如帕金森病（PD）、小脑共济失调、中风偏瘫， 和肌张力障碍。 我们一直在使用脑电图方法来探索 与随意运动有关的皮质激活。 此外，本发明还 视觉整合中脑电谱功率和相干性分析 任务表明，功能上有意义的，网络状耦合的 远距离的大脑区域（运动和视觉皮层）在视觉过程中发生 力跟踪，但不是在同时但功能无关的过程中 运动输出和视觉输入。 关于小脑共济失调，我们 已经评估了直线平面手臂运动的运动学， 几个方向。 结果显示， 力控制。 研究结果也被纳入一个模型， 小脑功能 通过脑电图和正电子发射断层扫描，我们确定了正常的 初级感觉皮层的小球状组织在 局灶性肌张力障碍的患者支持感觉 异常在肌张力障碍中起致病作用。 我们已经评估 内隐和外显学习过程中脑活动的EEG和PET研究 串行反应时间任务（SRTT） SRTT用于评估 小脑功能障碍患者的运动学习。 运动学习 与经典条件反射的眨眼进行了研究， 帕金森氏症和进行性核上性麻痹 患者 与PD正常提示基底神经节不发挥作用， 在这类学习中扮演重要角色。 PSP患者异常， 可能是由于小脑功能障碍，但这种异常将分离 这些患者与PD患者的区别 我们研究了皮肤 上背部的退缩（"屈肌"）反射和皮肤肌反射 正常受试者的肢体，并以必要的刺激为特征 来唤起退缩反射，肌肉激活的模式， 反射的习惯化和对侧皮肤的影响 刺激。 我们得出结论，这种微弱的潜在电路 反射与腿上描述的反射相似。 PET和EEG 用于评估大脑如何处理体感刺激和声音 盲人受试者的刺激。 对于这两种模式，我们发现激活 显示跨模态可塑性的视觉区域。 正电子发射断层扫描和脑电图 用于评估中风患者运动时的大脑活动。 丁螺环酮治疗小脑性共济失调的双盲试验 这是继我们之前的公开审判结果之后进行的。

The goal of this project is to learn more about the control of movement in normal humans and in patients with voluntary movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebellar ataxia, hemiplegia from stroke, and dystonia. We have been using EEG methods to explore timing of cortical activation in relation to voluntary movement. Additionally, spectral power and coherence analyses of EEG in a visuomotor integration task indicated that functionally meaningful, network-like coupling of distant brain areas (motor and visual cortex) occurs during visuomotor force tracking, but not during simultaneous but functionally unrelated motor output and visual input. In relation to cerebellar ataxia, we have evaluated the kinematics of straight planar arm movements in several directions. Findings reveal consistencies in abnormalities of force control. The results are also being incorporated into a model of cerebellar function. Using EEG and PET, we determined that the normal homuncular organization of the primary sensory cortex is degraded in patients with focal dystonia supporting the concept that sensory abnormalities play a pathogenetic role in dystonia. We have evaluated brain activity with EEG and PET during implicit and explicit learning of the serial reaction time task (SRTT). The SRTT was used to evaluate motor learning in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Motor learning with classical conditioning of the blink reflex was studied in patients with Parkinson's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy. Patients with PD were normal suggesting that the basal ganglia do not play a major role in this type of learning. Patients with PSP were abnormal, likely due to cerebellar malfunction, but this abnormality will separate these patients from those with PD. We have studied the cutaneous withdrawal ("flexor") reflex and cutaneomuscular reflex in the upper extremity in normal subjects and characterized the stimulus necessary to evoke withdrawal reflexes, the pattern of muscle activation, habituation of the reflex and effects of contralateral cutaneous stimuli. We concluded that the underlying circuitry for this weak reflex bears similarity to that described in the leg. PET and EEG were used to evaluate how the brain processes somatosensory stimuli and sound stimuli in blind subjects. For both modalities, we found activation in visual areas indicating cross-modal plasticity. PET and EEG are being used to evaluate brain activity during movement in patients with stroke. A double-blind trial of buspirone for treatment of cerebellar ataxia has been carried out following up our previous open trial findings.