LONGITUDINAL TWIN STUDIES OF AFFECTIVE STYLE

该项目包括两项纵向双胞胎研究，整合了儿童和青少年的情感风格、情感症状学和情感相关生理学的研究。在研究A中，已经对这对双胞胎进行了纵向跟踪，采取了各种措施，包括详细的录像观察。在11-12岁时进行额外的随访，将允许发展情感风格的特征和坦率的焦虑/抑郁。研究改善的遗传基础、慢性病程、共病症状的出现和其他发育变量，以及行为和一些神经科学之间的联系。 其他中心项目检查的变量。研究A还将寻求确定可能与以后内化行为模式有关的幼儿年龄风险因素(例如，害羞/抑制的气质、强迫症特征和重复动作、听觉和触觉敏感性，以及难以下调负面情绪)。研究A与项目5(埃塞克斯/克莱因)共享一项评估方案。为了检验非遗传因素(和其他问题)的影响，来自研究A的与慢性焦虑不一致的基因相同(MZ)双胞胎以及对照组将参与结构神经成像研究。核心C将执行整个大脑 基于张量的形态计量学，它应该比大多数以前的方法更敏感地确定在受影响的个体和他们的未受影响的同卵双胞胎中，海马体、前额叶皮质和杏仁核的区域是否发生了结构变化。研究B考察了情绪反应和调节方面的个体差异与几个 心理生理测量(脑电、恐惧增强的惊吓、交感和副交感心脏测量)以及基础皮质醇和反应性皮质醇，所有这些都在行为遗传框架内。项目4‘S孪生方法论在更广泛的中心的一个作用是帮助解决情感发展中经验和背景研究中的因果方向问题。另一个作用是确定恐惧/焦虑的生理基础是否真的有遗传基础，以及共同的遗传差异是否解释了情感-生理学联系。

This project comprises two longitudinal twin studies that integrate the study of affective style, affective symptomatology, and affect-related physiology in children and adolescents. In Study A, the twins have already been followed longitudinally with a variety of measures, including detailed videotaped observations. An additional follow-up at age 11-12 years will allow developmental characterization of affective style and frank anxiety/depression. The genetic bases of improvement; chronic course; onset of comorbid symptoms, and other developmental variables will be pursued, as will the link between behavior and some of the neuroscience variables examined by other Center projects. Study A will also seek to identify toddler age risk factors (e.g., shy/inhibited temperament, obsessive features and repetitive movements, auditory and tactile sensitivities, and difficulties in down-regulating negative affect) that might be associated with later internalizing behavioral patterns. Study A shares an assessment protocol with Project 5 (Essex/Klein). To examine the impact of non-genetic factors (and other issues), genetically identical (MZ) cotwins from Study A who are discordant for chronic anxiety, as well as controls, will participate in structural neuroimaging studies. Core C will perform whole brain tensor-based morphometry, which should be more sensitive than most prior methods in determining whether regions of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala are structurally altered in affected individuals and in their non-affected cotwins. Study B examines the association of individual differences in emotional reactivity and regulation with several psychophysiological measures (EEG, fear-potentiated startle, sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac measures) as well as basal and reactive cortisol, all within a behavior-genetic framework. One role of Project 4's twin methodology in the broader Center is to help resolve the issue of causal direction in studies of experience and context in affective development. Another role is to determine whether physiological substrates of fearfulness/anxiety actually have a genetic basis, and whether common genetic variance accounts for affect-physiology associations.