LONGITUDINAL TWIN STUDIES OF AFFECTIVE STYLE

该项目包括两个纵向双胞胎研究，整合了儿童和青少年的情感风格，情感心理学和情感相关生理学的研究。在研究A中，双胞胎已经通过各种措施进行了纵向跟踪，包括详细的录像观察。在11-12岁时进行额外的随访，将允许情感风格和坦率的焦虑/抑郁的发展特征。改善的遗传基础;慢性病程;共病症状的发作，以及其他发展变量将被追求，行为和一些神经科学之间的联系也将被追求。 其他中心项目检查的变量。研究A还将寻求确定幼儿年龄的风险因素（例如，害羞/抑制的气质，强迫性特征和重复性动作，听觉和触觉敏感，以及难以下调负面情绪），这些可能与后来的内化行为模式有关。研究A与项目5（埃塞克斯/Klein）共享评估方案。为了研究非遗传因素（和其他问题）的影响，来自研究A的遗传相同（MZ）的双胞胎（慢性焦虑不一致）以及对照组将参与结构神经影像学研究。核心C将执行全脑 基于张量的形态测量，这应该是更敏感的比大多数以前的方法，在确定是否海马，前额皮质，杏仁核的区域结构改变，在受影响的个人和他们的非受影响的cotwin。研究B考察了情绪反应和调节的个体差异与几个 心理生理学测量（脑电图，恐惧增强惊吓，交感神经和副交感神经心脏测量）以及基础和反应性皮质醇，所有这些都在行为遗传框架内。项目4的孪生方法在更广泛的中心的作用之一是帮助解决在情感发展的经验和背景的研究因果方向的问题。另一个作用是确定恐惧/焦虑的生理基质是否真的有遗传基础，以及共同的遗传变异是否解释了情感-生理学关联。

This project comprises two longitudinal twin studies that integrate the study of affective style, affective symptomatology, and affect-related physiology in children and adolescents. In Study A, the twins have already been followed longitudinally with a variety of measures, including detailed videotaped observations. An additional follow-up at age 11-12 years will allow developmental characterization of affective style and frank anxiety/depression. The genetic bases of improvement; chronic course; onset of comorbid symptoms, and other developmental variables will be pursued, as will the link between behavior and some of the neuroscience variables examined by other Center projects. Study A will also seek to identify toddler age risk factors (e.g., shy/inhibited temperament, obsessive features and repetitive movements, auditory and tactile sensitivities, and difficulties in down-regulating negative affect) that might be associated with later internalizing behavioral patterns. Study A shares an assessment protocol with Project 5 (Essex/Klein). To examine the impact of non-genetic factors (and other issues), genetically identical (MZ) cotwins from Study A who are discordant for chronic anxiety, as well as controls, will participate in structural neuroimaging studies. Core C will perform whole brain tensor-based morphometry, which should be more sensitive than most prior methods in determining whether regions of the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala are structurally altered in affected individuals and in their non-affected cotwins. Study B examines the association of individual differences in emotional reactivity and regulation with several psychophysiological measures (EEG, fear-potentiated startle, sympathetic and parasympathetic cardiac measures) as well as basal and reactive cortisol, all within a behavior-genetic framework. One role of Project 4's twin methodology in the broader Center is to help resolve the issue of causal direction in studies of experience and context in affective development. Another role is to determine whether physiological substrates of fearfulness/anxiety actually have a genetic basis, and whether common genetic variance accounts for affect-physiology associations.