Effect of early life exposure to social adversity and pesticides on risk-taking behavior of 16-18 year olds: the CHAMACOS study

摘要 在过去的15年里，我们记录了600多个主要是低收入者的发展，首先- 出生在萨利纳斯山谷的一代拉丁裔儿童，被誉为“国家的沙拉碗”。他们的孩子们 CHAMACOS纵向出生队列现在正在一个由卫生部确定的社区中成熟 司法是青年帮派暴力的中心。我们之前的研究表明，在子宫内暴露于 有机磷农药(OPs)与注意力受损和学龄儿童智商低下有关 CHAMACOS儿童，4这两个都是青春期不良行为后果的危险因素 成人期。我们的数据还表明，CHAMACOS儿童经历了相当早期的生活 压力来源，包括贫穷、粮食无保障、住房不稳定、家庭过度拥挤、家庭冲突和 分离，母亲抑郁，以及对驱逐出境的恐惧，这些都可能使他们容易出现不良后果。我们 建议调查宫内暴露于大量神经毒性杀虫剂与早期生命的相互作用 青春期到青春期早期社会逆境与行为结局的关系 成年期(16岁和~18岁)：具体地说，外化和冒险行为，犯罪和犯罪 活动，学校失败与成功/毕业的关系。 通过我们的研究，我们将调查暴露在复杂的混合物中的发育结果 在萨利纳斯山谷农业中使用的杀虫剂，利用地理编码 这使得对缺乏生物标志物的化学物质进行评估成为可能。我们还将与儿童发展合作 农药使用报告数据(PUR) 专家综合我们收集的关于家庭和邻里层面的逆境的丰富数据 (如贫困、犯罪)转化为与特定发展阶段相对应的累积逆境暴露变量 窗口(即在子宫内、出生到5岁和出生到9岁)，并将对保护因素(例如 维护积极的文化价值观、子女对父母的依恋)。 我们假设，接触神经毒性杀虫剂和早期生活逆境将各自独立 增加青春期/成年早期不良行为结果，早期的逆境可能会改变 接触杀虫剂的影响。我们进一步认为，认知能力的下降和更差 在CHAMACOS学龄儿童中观察到与农药暴露相关的注意力可能起到中介作用 这段关系。因此，该项目的目标是评估当前使用的杀虫剂和 早期社会逆境对人类人口的影响，评估早期接触这些化学物质和 非化学应激源对青少年/成人早期社会关注行为的影响，并确定早期目标 为防止长期不良结果而进行的干预。

ABSTRACT For the past 15 years, we have chronicled the development of over 600 primarily low-income, first- generation Latino children born in the Salinas Valley, known as “the nation's salad bowl.” The children of the CHAMACOS longitudinal birth cohort are now coming of age in a community identified by the Department of Justice as an epicenter of youth gang violence. Our previous research has shown that in utero exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) was associated with impaired attention3 and lower IQ at school age for CHAMACOS children,4 both of which are risk factors for adverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Our data also indicate that CHAMACOS children have experienced considerable early life stressors, including poverty, food insecurity, housing instability, household overcrowding, family conflict and separation, maternal depression, and fear of deportation that may predispose them to adverse outcomes. We propose to investigate the interaction of in utero exposure to a host of neurotoxic pesticides with early life social adversity in association with behavioral outcomes during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood (age 16 and ~18 years): specifically, externalizing and risk-taking behaviors, delinquent and criminal activities, and school failure versus success/graduation. Through our research, we will investigate developmental outcomes of exposure to the complex mixture of pesticides used in Salinas Valley agriculture, making use of geo-coded that allows assessment of chemicals that lack biomarkers. We will also collaborate with child development Pesticide Use Reporting data (PUR) experts to synthesize the wealth of data we have gathered on family-level and neighborhood-level adversities (e.g. poverty, crime) into cumulative adversity exposure variables corresponding to specific developmental windows (i.e. in utero, birth to age 5, and birth to age 9), and will do the same for protective factors (e.g. maintenance of positive cultural values, child-parent attachment). We hypothesize that exposure to neurotoxic pesticides and early life adversity will each independently increase adverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence/early adulthood, and that early adversity may modify the effects of pesticide exposures. We further suggest that the decreased cognitive abilities and poorer attention observed in association with pesticide exposure in CHAMACOS children at school age may mediate this relationship. Thus, the goal of this project is to evaluate the neurotoxicity of current-use pesticides and early social adversity to human populations, assess effects of early life exposure to both these chemical and non-chemical stressors on adolescent/early adult behaviors of societal concern, and identify targets for early intervention to prevent longer term poor outcomes.