Effect of early life exposure to social adversity and pesticides on risk-taking behavior of 16-18 year olds: the CHAMACOS study

摘要 在过去的15年里，我们记录了600多个主要是低收入，第一， 出生在萨利纳斯山谷的一代拉丁裔儿童，被称为“国家的沙拉碗”。的孩子 CHAMACOS纵向出生队列现在正在一个由卫生部确定的社区中成熟。 正义是青年帮派暴力的中心。我们之前的研究表明，在子宫内暴露于 有机磷农药（OP）与学龄儿童注意力受损3和智商较低有关， CHAMACOS儿童，4两者都是青春期不良行为结果的风险因素， 成年我们的数据还表明，CHAMACOS儿童经历了相当大的早期生活 压力因素，包括贫穷、粮食无保障、住房不稳定、家庭过度拥挤、家庭冲突和 分离、母亲抑郁症和对驱逐出境的恐惧可能使她们容易产生不良后果。我们 建议研究子宫内暴露于一系列神经毒性农药与早期生命的相互作用 从青春期到早期的过渡期，社会逆境与行为结果的关系 成年期（16岁和18岁）：具体而言，外化和冒险行为，违法和犯罪 活动，以及学校失败与成功/毕业。 通过我们的研究，我们将调查暴露于以下复杂混合物的发育结果： 萨利纳斯山谷农业中使用的农药，利用地理编码 可以评估缺乏生物标志物的化学物质。我们还将与儿童发展合作 农药使用报告数据（PUR） 专家来综合我们收集的关于家庭和社区层面的逆境的大量数据 (e.g.贫困，犯罪）转化为累积逆境暴露变量对应于特定的发展 窗口（即在子宫内，出生至5岁，出生至9岁），并将对保护因素（例如， 维护积极的文化价值观，亲子依恋）。 我们假设，暴露于神经毒性农药和早期生活逆境将各自独立 在青春期/成年早期增加不良行为结果，早期的逆境可能会改变 农药暴露的影响。我们进一步认为，认知能力下降和贫穷 在学龄期CHAMACOS儿童中观察到的与农药暴露相关的注意力可能介导 这种关系因此，本项目的目标是评估目前使用的农药的神经毒性， 评估生命早期接触这些化学品和 社会关注的青少年/早期成人行为的非化学压力源，并确定早期 预防长期不良后果的干预措施。

ABSTRACT For the past 15 years, we have chronicled the development of over 600 primarily low-income, first- generation Latino children born in the Salinas Valley, known as “the nation's salad bowl.” The children of the CHAMACOS longitudinal birth cohort are now coming of age in a community identified by the Department of Justice as an epicenter of youth gang violence. Our previous research has shown that in utero exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPs) was associated with impaired attention3 and lower IQ at school age for CHAMACOS children,4 both of which are risk factors for adverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Our data also indicate that CHAMACOS children have experienced considerable early life stressors, including poverty, food insecurity, housing instability, household overcrowding, family conflict and separation, maternal depression, and fear of deportation that may predispose them to adverse outcomes. We propose to investigate the interaction of in utero exposure to a host of neurotoxic pesticides with early life social adversity in association with behavioral outcomes during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood (age 16 and ~18 years): specifically, externalizing and risk-taking behaviors, delinquent and criminal activities, and school failure versus success/graduation. Through our research, we will investigate developmental outcomes of exposure to the complex mixture of pesticides used in Salinas Valley agriculture, making use of geo-coded that allows assessment of chemicals that lack biomarkers. We will also collaborate with child development Pesticide Use Reporting data (PUR) experts to synthesize the wealth of data we have gathered on family-level and neighborhood-level adversities (e.g. poverty, crime) into cumulative adversity exposure variables corresponding to specific developmental windows (i.e. in utero, birth to age 5, and birth to age 9), and will do the same for protective factors (e.g. maintenance of positive cultural values, child-parent attachment). We hypothesize that exposure to neurotoxic pesticides and early life adversity will each independently increase adverse behavioral outcomes in adolescence/early adulthood, and that early adversity may modify the effects of pesticide exposures. We further suggest that the decreased cognitive abilities and poorer attention observed in association with pesticide exposure in CHAMACOS children at school age may mediate this relationship. Thus, the goal of this project is to evaluate the neurotoxicity of current-use pesticides and early social adversity to human populations, assess effects of early life exposure to both these chemical and non-chemical stressors on adolescent/early adult behaviors of societal concern, and identify targets for early intervention to prevent longer term poor outcomes.