Pharmacologic Mechanisms And Treatment Of Nicotine Depen

尼古丁依赖的流行，其伴随的健康问题，以及用户在保持禁欲方面的困难联合收割机使其成为我们社会中最有问题的滥用药物之一。临床研究旨在更好地了解尼古丁依赖的病理生理学和机制，并有助于开发推定的新戒烟治疗方法。已经开发了几种尼古丁递送系统来帮助戒烟。其中两种，尼古丁polacrilex和尼古丁透皮贴剂，已被批准用于非处方销售。目前，为戒烟适应症开发的新尼古丁输送系统，包括尼古丁鼻喷雾剂和尼古丁吸入剂或吸入器，可作为处方物品使用。值得注意的是，这些系统具有更快的交付速度，这一因素与更大的滥用可能性有关。因此，虽然开发了戒烟辅助手段，但这些系统本身可能会被滥用。第一项研究旨在检查与作为标准阳性对照的常规香烟相比，不同剂量的尼古丁鼻喷雾剂和蒸汽吸入器对生理、主观和性能的影响。这项安慰剂对照、双盲、门诊研究将提供有关这些产品滥用倾向的必要信息.尼古丁的主要代谢产物可替宁作为烟草戒断治疗的效果进行了评价。这项研究是基于最近的研究结果，可替宁管理诱导戒烟的人类吸烟者的主观变化。本研究的目的是描述可替宁在定期戒烟的吸烟者中的药效学作用，包括烟草戒断症状、情绪和主观状态、药物作用、表现和内分泌作用。在门诊方案中研究了一种新的戒烟治疗方法的药效学和药代动力学效应。我们发现，用玉米糖浆为基础的解决方案处理香烟显着减少暴露于尼古丁和CO。此外，效果在男性和女性相似。尼古丁的药代动力学效应在男性和女性中相似，表明吸烟和烟草戒断模式的性别差异不是由于男性和女性尼古丁代谢的动力学差异所致。在一项正在进行的研究中，评估了可逆的MAO抑制剂贝伐他汀对戒烟治疗的影响。在对脱尼古丁香烟的进一步研究中，正在对香烟进行初步评价。在另一项研究中，脱尼古丁香烟被用于快速吸烟方案。

The prevalence of nicotine dependence, its accompanying health problems, and the difficulty users have in maintaining abstinence combine to make it one of the most problematic abused drugs in our society. Clinical studies were designed to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of nicotine dependence as well as to contribute to the development of putative new smoking cessation treatments. Several nicotine delivery systems have been developed to aid in smoking cessation. Two of these, nicotine polacrilex and nicotine transdermal patches, have been approved for over the counter sales for this purpose. Currently new nicotine delivery systems developed for smoking cessation indications, including a nicotine nasal spray and a nicotinevapor inhaler are available as prescription items . These systems are notable for having a more rapid delivery rate, a factor that has been associated with greater potential for abuse. Therefore, although developed as aids for smoking cessation, such systems may be abused in their own right. The first study was designed to examine the physiological, subjective and performance effects of various doses of nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler compared to a regular cigarette, which served as a standard positive control. This placebo- controlled, double blind, outpatient study will provide needed information aboutthe abuse liability of these products. The effects of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, was evaluated as a treatment for tobacco withdrawal. This study was based on recent findings that cotinine administration induced subjective changes in abstinent human cigarette smokers. The purpose of the study was to characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of cotinine in cigarette smokers undergoing periodic abstinence, including symptoms of tobacco withdrawal, mood and subjective state, drug effect,performance, and endocrine effects. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of a new treatment for tobacco withdrawal were studied in an outpatient protocol. We found that treating cigarettes with a corn syrup-based solution significantly reduced exposure to nicotine and CO. Further, the effects were similar in man and women. Pharmacokinetic effects of nicotine were similar in men and women indicating that gender differences in patterns of smoking and tobacco withdrawal are not due to kinetic differences in nicotine metabolism in men and women. In an on-going study the effects of befloxatone, a reversible MAO inhibitor is evaluated for smoking cessation therapy. In further studies of the denicotinized cigarettes, a preliminary evaluation of cigarettes is being conducted. In another study the denicotinized cigarettes are being used in a rapid smoking protocol.