Neurophysiologic Effects Of Nicotine

进行了几项临床研究，以确定与吸烟和烟草戒断相关的客观和主观指标。这些研究的结果应用于开发用于治疗尼古丁戒断的药物的测试范例。神经生理学数据表明，尼古丁作用于参与注意力、认知和记忆的神经基质。例如，研究了中枢作用烟碱拮抗剂美加明的作用，以确定强直性胆碱能机制对吸烟者和非吸烟者的EEG和认知任务的贡献。在治疗方案中评价了经颅电刺激缓解尼古丁戒断的能力。在一项住宅研究中测试了经皮递送尼古丁减少烟草自发戒断体征和症状的功效。尼古丁戒断对延迟听觉反馈的影响-一种建议的注意力和注意力分散的措施-正在进行评估。评估了整夜戒烟后咖啡因和尼古丁的相互作用。这些研究的相关指标包括：Gordon警戒任务（有和没有分心物）、文字记忆、PAB（表现）、自发EEG、诱发电位、血压、心率（生理）;戒断量表、渴望、药物喜好、药物识别（主观）。对无烟烟草制品的作用进行了研究，并研制了一种新型的脱尼古丁卷烟。在一个正在进行的项目中，在间隔吸烟范例中测试了从安慰剂香烟中释放尼古丁的香烟的效果。在另一项研究中，评估了脱尼古丁香烟在快速吸烟过程中的作用。研究了吸烟和戒烟的影响和吸引力所涉及的遗传机制。这些研究有助于了解尼古丁成瘾的机制，也对开发更有效的治疗尼古丁依赖和戒断的药物具有实用价值。

Several clinical studies are performed to determine objective and subjective measures associated with smoking and tobacco withdrawal. The results of these studies are applied to develop paradigms for testing of drugs for the treatment of nicotine withdrawal. Neurophysiologic data indicate that nicotine acts on neural substrates involved in attention, cognition and memory. For example, the effects of mecamylamine, a centrally acting nicotinic antagonist is studied to determine the contribution of tonic cholinergic mechanisms on the EEG and cognitive tasks in smokers and nonsmokers. The ability of transcranially delivered electrostimulation to alleviate nicotine withdrawal was evaluated in a treatment protocol. The efficacy of transdermally delivered nicotine to diminish signs and symptoms of tobacco spontaneous withdrawal are tested in a residential study. The effects of nicotine withdrawal on delayed auditory feedback - a proposed measure of attention and distraction - is being evaluated. The interaction of caffeine and nicotine after overnight abstinence was assessed. Dependent measures for these studies include: Gordon vigilance task (with and without distracters), word memory, PAB (performance) spontaneous EEG, evoked potentials, blood pressure, heart rate (physiologic); withdrawal scales, craving, drug liking, drug identification (subjective). Studies on the effects of smokeless tobacco products, and a newly developed denicotinized cigarette are completed. In an ongoing project, the effects of cigarettes that deliver nicotine from placebo cigarettes were tested in a spaced-smoking paradigm. In another study, the effects of the denicotinized cigarettes in a rapid smoking procedure are evaluated. Genetic mechanisms involved in the effect and appeal of cigarette smoking and tobacco withdrawal are investigated. These studies contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms of nicotine addiction and are also of practical value in the development of more effective medications for treating nicotine dependence and withdrawal.