Neurophysiologic, Performance And Subjective Effects Of

进行了几项临床研究，以确定与吸烟和戒烟有关的客观和主观措施。这些研究结果被应用于开发用于治疗尼古丁戒断的药物测试范例。神经生理学数据表明，尼古丁作用于涉及注意、认知和记忆的神经基质。例如，研究了甲美胺（一种中枢作用的尼古丁拮抗剂）的作用，以确定吸烟者和非吸烟者强直性胆碱能机制对脑电图和认知任务的贡献。对无烟烟草制品的影响进行了研究，并研制了一种新型脱硝卷烟。在一个正在进行的项目中，研究人员将不含尼古丁的香烟与安慰剂香烟的效果进行了对比，并以间隔吸烟为例。在另一项研究中，对脱硝香烟在快速吸烟过程中的效果进行了评估。研究了吸烟和戒烟的影响和吸引力的遗传机制。这些研究有助于了解尼古丁成瘾的机制，对开发更有效的治疗尼古丁依赖和戒断的药物也具有实用价值。在最近开始的一项研究中，正在评估吸烟对白细胞中Nurr1基因表达的影响。有关替代烟草和尼古丁输送产品（如水烟）的进一步研究正在进行中。同时正在开发的是一种通过测量烟头中的盐碱来检测烟草暴露的新方法。

Several clinical studies are performed to determine objective and subjective measures associated with smoking and tobacco withdrawal. The results of these studies are applied to develop paradigms for testing of drugs for the treatment of nicotine withdrawal. Neurophysiologic data indicate that nicotine acts on neural substrates involved in attention, cognition and memory. For example, the effects of mecamylamine, a centrally acting nicotinic antagonist is studied to determine the contribution of tonic cholinergic mechanisms on the EEG and cognitive tasks in smokers and nonsmokers. Studies on the effects of smokeless tobacco products, and a newly developed denicotinized cigarette are completed. In an ongoing project, the effects of cigarettes that do not deliver nicotine were compared to placebo cigarettes in a spaced-smoking paradigm. In another study, the effects of the denicotinized cigarettes in a rapid smoking procedure are evaluated. Genetic mechanisms involved in the effect and appeal of cigarette smoking and tobacco withdrawal are investigated. These studies contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms of nicotine addiction and are also of practical value in the development of more effective medications for treating nicotine dependence and withdrawal. In a recently initiated study the effects of smoking on expression of the Nurr1 gene in white blood cells is being assessed. Further studies with alternative tobacco and nicotine delivery products such as hookah smoking are in development. Also being developed is a new test for tobacco exposure by measures of salinisol in cigarette butts.