PHARMACOLOGIC MECHANISMS AND TREATMENT OF NICOTINE DEPENDENCE

尼古丁依赖的流行率，其 随之而来的健康问题以及用户在 保持节欲使其成为世界上最大的 我们社会中有问题的滥用药物。临床研究是 旨在提供对病理生理学的更好理解 和尼古丁依赖的机制，以及有助于 可能的新戒烟疗法的开发。 已经开发了几种尼古丁递送系统来帮助 戒烟。其中两种，尼古丁Polacrilex和尼古丁 透皮贴剂，已被批准用于非处方销售 为了这个目的。目前开发了新的尼古丁输送系统 戒烟适应症，包括尼古丁鼻腔喷雾剂 和尼古丁蒸气吸入器作为处方药提供。 值得注意的是，这些系统具有更快的递送速度， 与更大的滥用可能性相关的因素。 因此，虽然被开发为戒烟的辅助工具，但 系统本身可能会被滥用。第一项研究是 旨在检查生理、主观和表现 不同剂量尼古丁鼻腔喷雾剂和雾化吸入的效果 与普通香烟相比，普通香烟是标准的阳性 控制力。这项安慰剂对照的双盲门诊研究将 提供有关以下机构滥用责任的所需信息 产品。尼古丁的主要代谢物可替宁的作用， 被评估为烟草戒断的治疗方法。本研究 是基于最近的研究结果，服用可替宁会导致 戒烟者的主观改变。这个 本研究的目的是确定其药效学特征。 可替宁对周期性吸烟者的影响 戒烟，包括戒烟症状、情绪和 主观状态、药物效应、表现和内分泌效应。 一种新型药物的药效学和药动学效应 对一名门诊患者的戒烟治疗进行了研究 协议。我们发现用玉米糖浆来处理香烟 该溶液显著减少了尼古丁和一氧化碳的暴露。此外， 这对男性和女性的影响是相似的。药代动力学效应 男性和女性的尼古丁含量相似，这表明性别 吸烟和戒烟模式的不同并不是 由于男性和男性尼古丁代谢的动力学差异 女人。

The prevalence of nicotine dependence, its accompanying health problems, and the difficulty users have in maintaining abstinence combine to make it one of the most problematic abused drugs in our society. Clinical studies were designed to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanisms of nicotine dependence as well as to contribute to the development of putative new smoking cessation treatments. Several nicotine delivery systems have been developed to aid in smoking cessation. Two of these, nicotine polacrilex and nicotine transdermal patches, have been approved for over the counter sales for this purpose. Currently new nicotine delivery systems developed for smoking cessation indications, including a nicotine nasal spray and a nicotine vapor inhaler are available as prescription items . These systems are notable for having a more rapid delivery rate, a factor that has been associated with greater potential for abuse. Therefore, although developed as aids for smoking cessation, such systems may be abused in their own right. The first study was designed to examine the physiological, subjective and performance effects of various doses of nicotine nasal spray and vapor inhaler compared to a regular cigarette, which served as a standard positive control. This placebo-controlled, double blind, outpatient study will provide needed information about the abuse liability of these products. The effects of cotinine, the major metabolite of nicotine, was evaluated as a treatment for tobacco withdrawal. This study was based on recent findings that cotinine administration induced subjective changes in abstinent human cigarette smokers. The purpose of the study was to characterize the pharmacodynamic effects of cotinine in cigarette smokers undergoing periodic abstinence, including symptoms of tobacco withdrawal, mood and subjective state, drug effect, performance, and endocrine effects. The pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of a new treatment for tobacco withdrawal were studied in an outpatient protocol. We found that treating cigarettes with a corn syrup-based solution significantly reduced exposure to nicotine and CO. Further, the effects were similar in man and women. Pharmacokinetic effects of nicotine were similar in men and women indicating that gender differences in patterns of smoking and tobacco withdrawal are not due to kinetic differences in nicotine metabolism in men and women.