PUPILLOMETRIC STUDIES OF DRUG ACTIONS

药物对瞳孔大小的影响是 在最容易检测到的和典型的毒品迹象中， 行动上在ARC进行的几项动物研究已经澄清了 精神活性药物影响的神经机制 瞳孔直径和对光反射。这项研究已经扩展到 到临床研究，其中几类药物的瞳孔效应 滥用药物进行了比较，他们的表现和主观 方面的影响.最近发现大麻导致 对平滑追踪的剂量相关影响。额外的研究 使用新开发的瞳孔计进行视网膜生理学研究， 产生了视网膜对光反射处理的新信息。 由于视网膜神经组织模仿大脑神经系统， 提出，药物在视网膜中的作用可能会模拟它们在视网膜中的作用。 大脑其他地方的机制。这些的相关措施 研究包括瞳孔大小，收缩和扩张速度的 光反射、平滑追踪和扫视跟踪。这些研究 通常是受试者内重复测量设计。药物 双盲和安慰剂对照给药。迄今取得的进展： 大麻，乙醇，可卡因，鸦片，安非他明， 和尼古丁已经研究了各种途径后， 局阿片类药物戒断的瞳孔效应和 用丁丙诺啡解毒。瞳孔测量 正在被评估为可卡因依赖者的阿片张力指数， 受试者正在退出。

The effects of drugs on the size of the pupil is among the most easily detected and characteristic signs of drug action. Several animal studies conducted at the ARC have clarified the neural mechanisms through which psychoactive drugs influence pupil diameter and the light reflex. This research has been extended to clinical studies where the pupillary effects of several classes of abused drugs were compared to their performance and subjective effects. Recently it was discovered that marijuana caused dose-related effects on smooth pursuit tracking. Additional research on retinal physiology using newly developed pupillometers has yielded new information of the retinal processing of the light reflex. Since retinal neural organization mimics brain neural systems, it is proposed that the actions of drugs in the retina may model their mechanisms elsewhere in the brain. Dependent measures of these studies include pupil size, constriction and dilation velocities of the light reflex, smooth pursuit and saccadic tracking. These studies are typically a within- subject repeated measure design. Drugs are administered double-blind and placebo controlled. Progress to date: The effects of marijuana, ethanol, cocaine, opiates, amphetamine, and nicotine have been studied after various routes of administration. Pupillary effects of opiate withdrawal and detoxification with buprenorphine are measured. Pupillary measures are being evaluated as an index of opiate tone in cocaine-dependent subjects undergoing withdrawal.