Project 2 - The Neurobiology of Social Decision-Making: Social Inference and Context

项目2.项目总结 此项目2是我们目前Conte中心的项目3的续展。它有拉尔夫·阿道夫斯(整体中心 董事)和Cendri Hutcher son(以前是当前项目3的博士后，现在是教师)作为联合绩效指标，并包括 适度分包给加拿大多伦多大学(哈切森)。它的总体目标是理解如何 社会推理和背景(本Conte中心的重点主题)指导社会决策，具有 特别关注亲社会(利他主义)决策。与此对应的是Project 3，它将调查如何 社会推理和背景指导与社会威胁有关的决策。项目2将重点放在我们如何代表 另一个人的内在状态(社会推理表征，目标1)，这种表征是怎样的 然后用来做出利他主义的社会决策(目标2)，以及在这些过程中我们发现个人 可能与自闭症特征、同理心或社交网络规模等指标相关的差异(目标3)。 与本次Conte Center更新中的项目1和项目3一样，项目2侧重于健康人群的fMRI研究 个人。此外，与项目1和项目3一样，此项目2也链接到其他项目下的AIMS，这些项目提供 辅助性方法。具体地说，它的计算模型(漂移-扩散模型)也将 在项目3中利用，它将开发一系列社会推理任务(RDoC列出的版本 为什么/怎么做)，这也将适用于以下额叶皮质局灶性病变的患者 项目5。此外，我们还计划在用于社会推理的神经系统之间进行具体比较 在此项目2下展示了社会神经科学任务，如“为什么/如何”任务，以及系统 在项目1中研究了观察性学习的计算功能磁共振成像(使用跨任务 在重叠的主题中解码)。项目2与其他项目之间的紧密联系反映在其人员方面： 它列出了来自其他项目(O‘Doherty，Tranel，Camerer)的PI，并与其他项目共享文档后。 前两项目标将为两项重点功能磁共振研究制定任务，每项研究将在100年内进行 通过核心2和核心3招募健康参与者。其中30人的子集将在未来几年重新测试，以 调查随时间变化的稳定性。目标1将开发六个任务，探索特定环境如何调节社会 推理：通过任务集，对于面部表情或动作，对于社交或非社交事件，作为以下函数 认知负荷，以及我们正在观察的人似乎是有需要的还是有优点的。后者 在目标2中，与利他主义决策相关的需要/优点背景因素被进一步发展，它扩展了 我们最近发布的一项任务和方法，使用漂移-扩散模型来更好地了解 参数影响选择过程的时间演化。

Project 2. Project Summary. This Project 2 is a renewal of Project 3 in our current Conte Center. It has Ralph Adolphs (overall Center Director) and Cendri Hutcherson (formerly post-doc on current Project 3, now faculty) as co-PIs and includes a modest subcontract to the University of Toronto, Canada (Hutcherson). Its overall goal is to understand how social inference and context (the focus theme of this Conte Center) guide social decision-making, with a specific focus on prosocial (altruistic) decisions. A counterpart to this is Project 3, which will investigate how social inference and context guide decisions related to social threat. Project 2 will focus on how we represent the internal states of another person (social inference representations, Aim 1), how such representations are then used to make altruistic social decisions (Aim 2), and where in these processes we find individual differences that may correlate with measures like autistic traits, empathy, or social network size (Aim 3). As with Projects 1 and 3 in this Conte Center renewal, this Project 2 focuses on fMRI studies in healthy individuals. Also as with Projects 1 and 3, this Project 2 has links to Aims under other Projects that offer a complementary approach. Specifically, it features computational models (drift-diffusion models) that will also be leveraged in Project 3, and it will develop a battery of social inference tasks (versions of the RDoC-listed “why/how” task) that will also be administered to patients with focal lesions of the prefrontal cortex under Project 5. As well, we plan to make specific comparisons between the neural systems for social inference revealed under this Project 2 with social neuroscience tasks such as the “why/how” task, and the systems revealed with computational fMRI investigated for observational learning in Project 1 (using cross-task decoding in overlapping subjects). The strong links between Project 2 and others is reflected in its personnel: it lists PIs from other Projects (O'Doherty, Tranel, Camerer) and shares post-docs with other Projects. The first two Aims will develop tasks for two focused fMRI studies that will each be conducted in 100 healthy participants recruited through Cores 2 and 3. A subset of 30 of these will be retested in future years to investigate stability over time. Aim 1 will develop six tasks that probe how specific contexts modulate social inference: through task set, for facial expressions or actions, for social or nonsocial events, as a function of cognitive load, and whether the person we are observing seems to be in need or to have merit. This latter need/merit context factor is further developed in relation to altruistic decision-making in Aim 2, which expands a task and approach we recently published, using drift-diffusion modeling to better understand how specific parameters influence the temporal evolution of the choice process.