Effects of poverty on affective development: A multi-level, longitudinal study

贫困对情感发展的影响：多层次、纵向研究

• 批准号: 9064843
• 负责人: Christopher Stephen Monk
• 金额: $ 58.11万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-06-06 至 2019-05-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9064843
• 关键词: Adolescence; Adolescent; Affect; Affective; Age; Amygdaloid structure; Anxiety; Attention; Behavior; Behavioral; Biological; Biology; Birth; Brain; Brain imaging; Buffers; Child; Child Rearing; Childhood; Chronic; Chronic stress; Cities; Classification; Cognitive; Conflict (Psychology); Data; Development; Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Disease; Economic Conditions; Emotional; Emotions; Event; Exposure to; Face; Family; Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Functional disorder; Future; Gender; Health; Hydrocortisone; Income; Individual Differences; Intervention; Knowledge; Lead; Link; Longitudinal Studies; Low income; Maps; Measures; Mediating; Mental Depression; Mental Health; National Institute of Mental Health; Neurobiology; Parents; Pathway interactions; Pattern; Physiological; Plant Roots; Population; Positioning Attribute; Poverty; Prefrontal Cortex; Prevention; Psychopathology; Public Health; Recording of previous events; Reporting; Research; Research Domain Criteria; Resources; Risk; Sampling; Stimulus; Stress; Symptoms; System; Teenagers; Testing; Work; Youth; anxiety symptoms; base; child poverty; dehydroepiandrosterone; depressive symptoms; experience; follow-up; high risk; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; low socioeconomic status; negative affect; neglect; peer; psychologic; relating to nervous system; resilience; response; stressor

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): One in five children in the US grows up in poverty. These children face high risk for psychopathology, which often lasts a lifetime and perpetuates low socioeconomic status. Thus, poverty and its sequelae represent a major public health problem. Poor children often experience greater chronic stress, which may allow poverty to become biologically embedded by altering brain and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. By examining teens growing up with poverty-related stressors, the study will explicate the RDoC Sustained Threat Construct in response to RFA-MH-14-050. Little is known about how poverty impacts underlying biological mechanisms and gives rise to symptoms, such as anxiety and depression. This lack of knowledge hinders efforts to develop interventions targeting mechanisms linking poverty and psychopathology. Our objective is to better understand how poverty affects biology during development and leads to psychopathology. The central hypothesis is that poverty increases the occurrence of four types of stressors (exposure to danger, family conflict, residential instability, neglect), which leads to HPA axis dysregulatio, increased amygdala activation and less mature regulatory connections from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex to the amygdala; extended exposure to poverty-related stressors leads to a protracted period when the HPA axis and amygdala are hyper- active, resulting in a systemic shift toward greater allocation of neural and cognitive resources to negative events and more negative affect, including anxiety and depression symptoms, as measured with self- and parental-reports. Teens will be assessed from The Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), an ongoing study of children born to predominantly low-income families. Attributes of the FFCWS are: 1) children were assessed at birth, 1, 3, 5 and 9 years and will be assessed at 15; 2) the sample is representative of children born in their city and, thus, unlike almost all othr brain imaging research, findings are generalizable; 3) Although the sample contains high levels of poverty, a full range of incomes are represented allowing for comparisons; and 4) Youth are now entering mid-adolescence - a period of heightened risk for psychopathology. When subjects are 15, affective function will be assessed at four levels of analysis: 1) brain (with functional MRI to assess activation and connectivity in response to emotional faces and with diffusion tensor imaging to measure structural connectivity); 2) HPA axis (by measuring cortisol in response to a stressor and DHEA); 3) behavior (using an attention bias measure); and 4) self- and parent-report measures of negative affect with follow-up at age 17. Developmental history from FFCWS (economic conditions, symptoms, parenting) will be mapped onto affective function at these four levels of analysis. By leveraging the FFCWS, the team is well positioned to conduct research that integrates experience across childhood with neurobiological and psychological data to better elucidate a major path to psychopathology.

描述（由申请人提供）：美国五分之一的儿童在贫困中长大。这些儿童面临着精神病理学的高风险，这种风险往往会持续一生，并导致社会经济地位低下。因此，贫困及其后遗症是一个重大的公共卫生问题。贫困儿童经常承受更大的慢性压力，这可能会通过改变大脑和下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺（HPA）轴功能而使贫困成为生物学上的根深蒂固。通过研究在贫困相关压力下成长的青少年，该研究将根据 RFA-MH-14-050 ​​解释 RDoC 持续威胁结构。人们对贫困如何影响潜在的生物机制并引起焦虑和抑郁等症状知之甚少。这种知识的缺乏阻碍了针对贫困和精神病理学联系机制制定干预措施的努力。我们的目标是更好地了解贫困如何影响发育过程中的生物学并导致精神病理学。核心假设是贫困增加了四种压力源的发生（暴露于危险、家庭冲突、居住不稳定、忽视），从而导致 HPA 轴失调、杏仁核激活增加以及从腹内侧前额叶皮层到杏仁核的调节连接不成熟；长期暴露于与贫困相关的压力源会导致 HPA 轴和杏仁核长时间过度活跃，从而导致系统性转变，将神经和认知资源更多地分配给负面事件和更多负面情绪，包括焦虑和抑郁症状（根据自我报告和父母报告衡量）。青少年将接受脆弱家庭和儿童福祉研究（FFCWS）的评估，这是一项针对主要低收入家庭出生的儿童的持续研究。 FFCWS 的特点是： 1) 儿童在出生、1、3、5 和 9 岁时接受评估，并将在 15 岁时接受评估； 2）样本代表了在他们的城市出生的儿童，因此，与几乎所有其他脑成像研究不同，研究结果具有普遍性； 3）虽然样本贫困程度较高，但代表了全方位的收入，可以进行比较； 4) 青少年现在正进入青春期中期，这是精神病理学风险较高的时期。当受试者年满 15 岁时，情感功能将在四个分析层面进行评估：1）大脑（使用功能性 MRI 来评估对情绪面孔的反应的激活和连接性，并使用扩散张量成像来测量结构连接性）； 2) HPA 轴（通过测量皮质醇对压力源和 DHEA 的反应）； 3）行为（使用注意力偏差测量）； 4) 自我报告和家长报告的负面情绪测量，并在 17 岁时进行随访。FFCWS 的发展历史（经济状况、症状、养育）将在这四个分析层面映射到情感功能。通过利用 FFCWS，该团队能够开展研究，将童年经历与神经生物学和心理学数据相结合，以更好地阐明精神病理学的主要途径。