Interregional Exchange and Early State Formation: Settlement Survey in the Ichupalla Valley, Southern Peru

在国家科学基金会的支持下，查尔斯·斯坦尼什博士将在玻利维亚高地的的的喀喀卡盆地地区进行一个考古季节的实地研究。在安第斯山脉这一高度荒凉的地区，几个史前社会达到了国家级别的社会复杂性，并将广大地区的大量个人纳入集中的政治单位。斯坦尼什博士和许多考古学家一样，对因果过程很感兴趣。在公元前200年到公元400年之间，普卡拉成为了喀喀卡盆地的主要中心，并在大约400年的时间里统治了该地区的大部分地区。在1998年夏天，斯坦尼什博士和他的同事进行了一次调查，并在一个地区找到了第二个普卡拉人的大型定居点胡-14，该地区控制着从安第斯高原向下进入东部热带低地的少数几个通道之一。有人认为，在世界许多地区，对贸易的控制使集团获得了重大的经济和政治回报，这反过来又导致了国家的发展。斯坦尼什博士假设普卡拉可能就是这种情况。他现在将调查胡14附近的山谷，以确定那里是否也有重要的普卡拉存在。在从安第斯山脉向东下降之前，这些山谷里有最后一片富饶的农田，了解普卡拉人是否控制了这片地区并从中获取粮食是很重要的。斯坦尼什博士和他的同事将进行一项区域定居调查，定位地点并进行地面收集。由3 - 4名训练有素的考古学家组成的团队将在景观上行走10 - 25米。所有场址都将在地形图和航空照片上标明；GPS坐标将被获取。详细数据将记录在标准化的现场表格上。特别强调将放在陶瓷的收集和分析上，因为这些提供了职业时期的指示。在此基础上，将有可能重建定居点系统，并确定普卡拉占领的范围和性质。这项研究很重要，因为它将提供一个相对不为人知的考古区域的数据。它将为复杂社会是如何产生的问题提供新的线索。它还将协助培养研究生。

With National Science Foundation support Dr. Charles Stanish will conduct one field season of archaeological research in the Titicaca Basin region of highland Bolivia. In this high inhospitable portion of the Andes several prehistoric societies reached state levels of social complexity and incorporated large numbers of individuals over broad regions into centralized political units. Dr. Stanish, along with many archaeologists, is interested in the causal processes. Between 200 CB and AD 400 the site of Pucara emerged as a principal center in the Titicaca Basin and for ca. 400 years dominated a large portion of this region. During the summer of 1998 Dr. Stanish and his colleagues conducted a survey and located a second large Pucara settlement, Hu-14, in a area which controls one of the few passes from the Andean highlands down into the tropical lowlands to the East. It has been suggested that in many regions of the world control over trade permits groups to obtain significant economic and political reward and this in turn leads to state development. Dr. Stanish postulates that such may be the case for Pucara. He will now survey the valleys near Hu-14 to determine if a significant Pucara presence is indicated there as well. These valleys contain the last rich agricultural lands before one descends eastwards from the Andes and it is important to know if Pucara peoples controlled this region and provisioned from it. Dr. Stanish and colleagues will conduct a regional settlement survey, locate sites and make surface collections. Crews of three-four trained archaeologists will walk 10 - 25 meters apart over the landscape. All sites will be located on topographic maps and air photographs; GPS coordinates will be taken. Detailed data will be recorded on a standardized field form. Particular emphasis will be placed on the collection and analysis of ceramics since these provide indication of period of occupation. On this basis it will be possible to reconstruct the settlement system and determine both the extent and nature of Pucara occupation.This research is important because it will provide data on a relatively unknown archaeological region. It will shed new light on the question of how complex societies arose. It will also assist in training of graduate students.